exam 3

Question 1

Are animals station or can they move?

Answer 1

Some animals are station but are able to move at some time in their life

Question 2

All animals expect sponges have…

Answer 2

neurons and muscles

Question 3

Why are scientists racing against time because of extinction?

Answer 3

Better idea to characterize species before extinct to give us better idea of extinction rate

Question 4

What did animals evolve from and when?

Answer 4

• protist like organisms
• around 900 mya from common ancestor shared with choanoflagellates

Question 5

What are choanoflagellates?

Answer 5

single-celled organisms that sometimes form colonies

Question 6

When did first fossils of sponges appear?

Answer 6

700 mya

Question 7

What is believed to be true about sponges evolving?

Answer 7

believed sponges were first animal to evolve

Question 8

Why can it be messy trying to sort out animal evolution?

Answer 8

• a lot of animals can loose traits
• animals could seem more primative when they’re not
• ex. people assuming whales are older than they are because they’re in the ocean

Question 9

When did key innovations for animals arise

Answer 9

Speratic not all at once

Question 10

What is a key innovation (definition)

Answer 10

• a novel phenotypic trait that allows subsequent radiation and success of a taxonomic group
• radiation is mocing into area and rapidally diversifying to fill different ecology roles or ncihes

Question 11

Are key innovations, synapmorphies?

Answer 11

• no
• different from synapmorphy
• but synapmorphy can be a key innovation

Question 12

key innovations that helped animals evolve

Answer 12

• multicellularity
• deep tissue formation
• morphological symmetry

Question 13

multicellularity

Answer 13

• having bigger more complex bodies because of cells starting to stick together
• allows for different cells to have dif functions

Question 14

deep tissue formation

Answer 14

• muscle and nervous system start to develop so cells become more specialized
• not every cell has same function

Question 15

morphological symmetry

Answer 15

• radial
• bilateral
• cephalization

Question 16

unicellularity protist

Answer 16

everything protist needs to survive is in one cell

Question 17

colonial flagellate hypothesis

Answer 17

• one by itself
• someone would get stick and form to each other to form these colonies
• unspecialized flagellate cells form a hollow sphere
• specialized reproductive spells form
• (now cells can focus on just reproduction rather than reproduction and protecting cell etc.)
• cells begin to fold in to make tissues

Question 18

what is tissue?

Answer 18

layers of cells that are all made up of same type of cell

Question 19

who has different tissues and when do they have them?

Answer 19

Animals can have different tissues during development

Question 20

During development there are 3 different types of tissues animals can have

Answer 20

1. ectoderm
2. endoderm
3. mesoderm

Question 21

ectoderm

Answer 21

gives rise to skin and nervous system

Question 22

endoderm

Answer 22

inside skin gives rise to lining of digestive tract

Question 23

mesoderm

Answer 23

gives rise to the circulatory system, muscle, and internal structures such as bone and most organs

Question 24

diploblasts

Answer 24

animals with 2 developmental tissues

Question 25

triploblasts

Answer 25

animals with 3 developmental tissues

Question 26

sponges have NO

Answer 26

distinct tissues

Question 27

what is sponges main synapomorphy with other animals?

Answer 27

multicellularity and extracellular matrix: Helped animals evolve multicellularity

Question 28

animals with radial symmetry

Answer 28

comb jellies, jellyfish

Question 29

all triploblasts are... (symmetry)

Answer 29

bilateral

Question 30

cephalization

Answer 30

development of the head

Question 31

radial symmetry organisms have

Answer 31

more complex net nerve system

Question 32

bilateral organisms have

Answer 32

CNS

Question 33

other factors that led animals to diversify

Answer 33

* higher oxygen levels * higher quality food * evolution of predation * new niches beget more new niches * modified genes led to modifed bodies

Question 34

diploblasts have

Answer 34

* radial symmetry * 2 types of developmental tissues (endo and ecto) * lack a mesoderm (no bones, organs) * ex. jellyfish, corals, sea enemies

Question 35

triploblasts have

Answer 35

* bilateral symmetry * 3 tissue types * true head with some sort of CNS

Question 36

triploblasts have 2 major subgroups

Answer 36

* protostomes - mouth first * dueterstomes - anus first

Question 37

what is a protostome

Answer 37

* mouth first then anus * Some animals can have one opening or some can have multiple * Inability of isolated early embryonic cells to develop into complete embryo * Formation of coelom in many groups

Question 38

Five major animal lineages in tree of life includes:

Answer 38

1. Sponges—phylum Porifera 2. Comb jellies—phylum Ctenophora 3. Corals and jellyfish—phylum Cnidaria 4. Protostomes and deuterostomes—two bilaterian lineages Protostome are most diverse and abundant

Question 39

what is a coelom

Answer 39

* enclosed, fluid-filled body cavity between the tubes: * provides a space for oxygen and nutrients to circulate * enables interal organs to move independently of one another

Question 40

coelomate

Answer 40

bilaterians whose coelom is completely lined with mesoderm

Question 41

within protosomes there are 2 major groups

Answer 41

1. Lophotrochozoa 2. Ecdysozoa

Question 42

Lophotrochozoa

Answer 42

* grow by extending size of their body * Grow in little increments * ex. Lines on clam indicate lines of growth

Question 43

Ecdysozoa

Answer 43

shed exoskeleton to extend body or molting

Question 45

why is period after molting very vunerable?

Answer 45

skeleton isn't fully hard

Question 46

To make transition to land, new adaptations must allow protostomes to:

Answer 46

* Exchange gasses with their environment * Avoid drying out * Hold up their bodies under their own weight

Question 47

why do protostomes have very important role in ecosystem

Answer 47

* Can be food * Provide materials such a silk or pearls * Cause diseases and parasites * Use couple of them for model organisms for human health

Question 48

different eating habits

Answer 48

* detritivores * herbivores * carnivores * omnivores

Question 50

detritivores

Answer 50

feed on dead organic material

Question 51

herbivores

Answer 51

feed on plants or algae

Question 52

carnivores

Answer 52

feed on other animals

Question 53

omnivores

Answer 53

eat both plants and animals

Question 54

different ways to eat

Answer 54

* suspension feeding * deposit * fluid * mass feeding

Question 55

suspension feeder

Answer 55

filter out food particles

Question 56

deposit feeders

Answer 56

ingest organic matter in or on subtrate

Question 57

fluid feeders

Answer 57

suck or mop up liquids

Question 58

mass feeding

Answer 58

eat large chunks of food

Question 59

jointed limbs

Answer 59

adaptation for moving - help jump and run

Question 60

wings

Answer 60

adaptation for moving- argued most important adaptation

Question 61

mollusk foot

Answer 61

* Large muscle at base * Help them move through their environment

Question 62

jet propulsion

Answer 62

* Suck water into mantle, force water out of mantle through siphon to propel * squids, octopi etc. do it

Question 63

asexual reproduction

Answer 63

* split body into 2 * fragmentation * parthenogenesis

Question 64

fragmentation

Answer 64

cut off piece of animal and that piece will grow into full organism

Question 65

parthenogenesis

Answer 65

* unfertilized egg becomes devloped * self fertilization

Question 66

sexual reproduction

Answer 66

* Most groups of protostomes reproduce through sexual = more genetic diversity * external fertilization * internal fertilization

Question 67

why was the evolution of muscles and nervous system important

Answer 67

* muscle cells/tissues helped animals move and explore * nerve cells/tissues help animals sense thier environement