definition of shaping
differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior
when do we use shaping
- When developing a target behavior that is not currently in an individuals repertoire
- reinstating a previous behavior
- modifying an existing behavior.
role of extinction burst in shaping
when a behavior is no longer reinforced, extinction burst occurs. Modified or novel behaviors are exhibited. These behaviors that are closer approximations to target behavior are reinforced.
steps in using shaping
- pick steps that are moderate
- back up if necessary
- pick a appropriate reinforcer
- differentially reinforce behavior until it occurs reliably
- extinction
- pick behavior that is closer approximation to reinforce
- repeat until target behavior occurs
definition of behavior chain
complex behavior consisting of many component behaviors that occur together in a specific sequence
task analysis
specific steps to reach a goal ( chewing gum)
total task chaining
chain of behaviors is taught in a single unit
backward chaining
teach last behavior in the chain first
forward chaining
teach first behavior in the chain
training sequence
- Present the S D
- Present prompt (verbal or physical)
- Provide praise (and possibly other reinforcers) for correct response
- Fade prompts (or use prompt delay)
- When response occurs without prompts, move to the next component
- repeat
role of conditioned reinforcement in behavior chain
remove reinforcement after component has been learned
definition of prompting
used to develop stimulus control – get the right behavior to occur at the right time
response prompts
- verbal
- gestural
- modeling
- physical
2 stimulus prompts
- within stimulus prompts
- extrastimulus prompt
within stimulus prompt
change the salience of sdelta or SD
extrastimulus prompt
adding another stimulus or cue to the SD
definition of fading
gradual removal of a prompt while the behavior continues to occur in the presence of the SD
goal of fading
goal is to have individual engage in behavior without prompts
Least-to-most prompting and fading
When physical prompting is not needed
Most-to-least prompting and fading
When physical prompting is needed
prompt delay
present SD, wait a specified time, if correct response is not made, then provide prompt.
stimulus fading
gradually removing additional stimuli or more salient SD
