Psych 202 > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

Theories and Concepts (55 cards)

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1
Q

Emotion and Motivation

Evolutionary Theory of Emotion

Charles Darwin

A

emotions evolved as they are adaptive because they allow animals to survive and reproduce

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2
Q

Emotion and Motivation

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A

external stimulus –> physiological reaction –> interpretation of physical reaction –> emotional reaction

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3
Q

Emotion and Motivation

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

feeling emotions and experiencing physiological reactions happens simultaneously

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4
Q

Emotion and Motivation

Schachter-Singer Theory (Two-Factor Theory) of Emotion

A

physiological arousal –> cognitive interpretation –> label emotion

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5
Q

Emotion and Motivation

Cognitive Appraisal Theory (Lazarus Theory) of Emotion

A

stimulus –> thought –> physiological response + emotion

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6
Q

Emotion and Motivation

Facial-Feedback Theory of Emotion

A

changes in facial muscles –> different emotions

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7
Q

Emotion and Motivation

What are some of the biological components that are related to emotion?

A

limbic system
amygdala (activation –> poor behaviors)
hippocampus (volume –> good behaviors)

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8
Q

Emotion and Motivation

What are the five functions of emotion?

A
  1. motivate to act
  2. avoid danger
  3. make decisions
  4. others understand you
  5. you understand others
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9
Q

Emotion and Motivation

What are the four pillars of a healthy mind?

A

awareness, connection, insight, and purpose

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10
Q

Emotion and Motivation

What are the seven sources of motivation?

A
  1. stimulus-response
  2. social
  3. biological
  4. cognitive
  5. affective
  6. conative
  7. spiritual
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11
Q

Emotion and Motivation

Evolutionary Perspective on Motivation

A

behaviors are instincts or innate drives to act a certain way

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12
Q

Emotion and Motivation

Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation

A

psychological need or drive compels us to reduce need

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13
Q

Emotion and Motivation

Optimal Arousal Theory of Motivation

A

motivated to maintain a balance between stimulation and relaxation

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14
Q

Emotion and Motivation

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

must achieve needs from bottom up
phyiological (deficiency) needs –> self-actualization (growth)

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15
Q

Emotion and Motivation

Extrinsic Motivation

A

motivated to perform a behavior or engage in an activity to avoid punishment or to earn a reward

overjustification effect

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16
Q

Emotion and Motivation

Intrinsic Motivation

A

motivated to engage in behavior because it is viewed as rewarding

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17
Q

Social Psychology

Hot Cognition

A

the mental processes that are influenced by desires and feelings
lead to directional goals

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18
Q

Social Psychology

Mood-Congruent Memory

A

the tendency to recall memories similar to our current moods

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19
Q

Social Psychology

Attitude

A

psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor

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20
Q

Social Psychology

What are methods used to measure explicit attitudes?

A
  1. semantic-differential scale
  2. Likert scale
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21
Q

Social Psychology

What are methods used to measure implicit attitudes?

A
  1. implicit association test (IAT)
  2. evaluative priming task
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22
Q

Social Psychology

What is the Triad of Trustworthiness?

A

authority, honesty, likability

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23
Q

Social Psychology

What methods (11) can manipulate the perception of trustworthiness?

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A
  1. testimonials and endorsement
  2. presenting message as education
  3. word of mouth
  4. the Maven
  5. reciprocity
  6. social proof
  7. commitment and consistency
  8. Door in the Face
  9. That’s Not All!
  10. Sunk Cost Trap
  11. scarcity and psychological reactance
24
Q

Social Psychology

What are three methods to defend against persuasion?

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A

inoculation, stinging, and acceptance of vulnerability

25
# Social Psychology What are three factors that influence group pressure?
size of the majority, presence of another dissenter, and the public/private nature of responses
26
# Social Psychology What are two motivators for conformity?
normative social influence and informational social influence
27
# Social Psychology Groupthink
the modification of opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus
28
# Social Psychology Group Polarization
the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within the group
29
# Social Psychology Social Loafing
a reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled
30
# Social Psychology Deindividuation
occurs in situations in which people may feel a sense of anonymity and therefore a reduction in accountability and sense of self when among others
31
# Social Psychology Dual-Process Theory of Prejudice
prejudice can be nonconscious and automatic
32
# Social Psychology Purpose of Aggression Theories
**evolutionary:** direct male aggression (hostile) and indirect female aggression (instrumental) **frustration driven:** humans prevented from achieving important goal
33
# Social Psychology Prosocial Behavior Altruism
voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people desire to help others even if costs outweight the benefits
34
# Personality Psychology Personality
the long standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways
35
# Personality Psychology What are some of the key parts of Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic perspective on personality?
ego = unconscious id + superego ego reduces anxiety using defense mechanisms that distort reality to protect itself childhood shapes personalities through psychosexual development
36
# Personality Psychology Behavioral Perspective on Personality
personality is shaped by reinforcements and consequences
37
# Personality Psychology Social-Cognitive Perspective on Personality
learning and cognition are sources of individual differences in personality stemming from: 1. reciprocal determinism (context, behavior, and cognition all interact) 2. observational learning 3. self-efficacy (level of self-confidence based upon social experiences)
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# Personality Psychology Person-Situation Debate
people use cognitive processes to interpret a situation and then behave in accordance with that interpretation
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# Personality Psychology Humanistic Approach to Personality | Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs self-concept = our thoughts and feelings about ourselves (ideal self + real self)
40
# Personality Psychology Biological Approach to Personality | Charles Darwin
neuroplasticity = brain chemistry has the potential to change in response to one's environment which changes our personality
41
# Personality Psychology What is the Big Five Factor Model (OCEAN)?
1. openness 2. conscientiousness 3. extraversion 4. agreeableness 5. neuroticism
42
# Personality Psychology How are self-report inventories used to assess personality?
test-takers answer, but can be self-biased Ex: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Lie Scale, etc.
43
# Personality Psychology How are projective tests used to assess personality?
relies on projection to assess unconscious processes Ex: Exner scoring system, Inkblot, Multicultural Thematic Apperception, Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks, Tell-Me-A-Story, and Rotter Incomplete Sentences
44
# Stress and Mental Health Stress
any type of change that causes physical, emotional, or psychological strain 1. eustress 2. distress
45
# Stress and Mental Health What are five general sources of stressors (chronic and/or acute)?
1. traumative events 2. life changes 3. hassles 4. occupation-related stressors 5. relationships
46
# Stress and Mental Health Psychophysiological Disorders
physical disorders/diseases whose symptoms are brought about or worsened by stress and emotional factors
47
# Stress and Mental Health Psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psycholoigcal factors (such as stress) influence the immune system and immune functioning
48
# Stress and Mental Health What are two types of coping styles?
**problem-focused coping** (controllable stressor) and **emotion-focused coping** (uncontrollable stressor)
49
# Stress and Mental Health What are seven stress reduction techniques?
1. exercise 2. relaxation response technique 3. biofeedback 4. reframing thoughts (reaching out to others) 5. guided imagery 6. meditation 7. getting a hug
50
# Stress and Mental Health Positive Psychology (Positive Affect) (Optimism)
**science of happiness** pleasureable engagement with the environment general tendency to look on the bright side of things
51
# Emotion and Motivation Self-Control
the capacity to control impulses, emotions, desires, and actions in order to resist a temptation and protect a valued goal
52
# Emotion and Motivation What are the three components of emotion?
1. subjective experience 2. psychological reponse 3. behavioral (expressed) response
53
# Social Psychology Motivated Skepticism
skeptical of any evidence that goes against previously held beliefs
54
# Social Psychology Social Role (Social Norm) (Script)
**a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group** group's expectation of what is appropriate behavior for its members person's understanding of a pattern of events in a certain setting
55
# Social Psychology Prejudice vs. Stereotyping vs. Discrimination
1. unjustified "pre-judgement" towards an individual or group 2. an over-generalized belief regarding a particular group 3. the behavior of using prejudice to go against a certain group or individual
Psych 202
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