1
Q
What happens to growth speed during childhood years?
A
Growth slows down. Becomes slow and steady.
2
Q
What happens to a child’s fatty tissue, muscle, and bones during childhood years?
A
Child loses “baby fat” and gains muscle mass to due an increase in activity & expending more calories now that the child can walk, etc.
Bones continue to ossify (harden)
3
Q
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
A
It connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
4
Q
- What sex has a greater increase of injury in childhood years?
- What SES has a greater increase of injury in childhood years?
A
- Boys/Males
2. Lower socioeconomic status
5
Q
What culture has a decreased risk of injury in childhood years?
A
Asian american children
6
Q
Leading cause of death in childhood years in the US:
A
Accidents- drowning, poisoning
7
Q
Unique functions of the left hemisphere of the brain:
A
- Language
- Critical/Logical Thinking
- Controls right side of the body
8
Q
Unique functions of the right hemisphere of the brain:
A
- Music/Art appreciation
- Visual-Spacial abilities
- Emotional expression
- Controls left side of the body
9
Q
What is lateralization?
A
The specialization of Left and Right hemispheres of the brain to handle specific/unique functions.
Such as when you move the right side of your body, the left hemisphere takes over.
10
Q
Age range of preoperational stage:
A
2-7 Years
11
Q
What is dual representation?
A
being able to mentally represent an object as both a symbol (for the object) and the actual object itself.
12
Q
What did Deloache’s Snoopy study demonstrate about duel representation:
A
- 3 year olds were able to find the toy in both the model and the larger space.
- 2 1/2 year olds could not do it (because they cannot grasp duel representation)
- 2 1/2 year olds could go back and find the toy in the model which showed it wasn’t an issue of memory.
13
Q
What did Deloache’s Terry the Troll study demonstrate about duel representation:
A
- In this experiment, the 2 1/2 year olds were able to find the toy when the model was “shrunk” and “enlarged”.
- Were able to do so because it only One mental representation is required.
14
Q
What are the limits of preoperational thought?
A
- Egocentrism
- Centration
- Animism
- Lack of Conservation
15
Q
The two forms of egocentrism:
A
- Inability to see things from another person’s perspective. (Mountain experiment)
- Believes that everybody knows and thinks the same things as them. (Juice box experiment, maintain they knew it was right the whole time)
16
Q
Centration
A
The narrowing in on one aspect of a situation and ignoring other elements or features of a situation (that may help them solve a problem.) (Spaced out coin experiment)
17
Q
Changes of thinking in concrete operations:
A
- Thinking is more logical and flexible
- Understand Reversibility
- Thinking is decentered
- Able to conserve
18
Q
What does it mean for a child in the concrete operations stage to understand Reversibility?
A
It means they understand that when you go two steps forward and two steps back, you’re where you started.
19
Q
What does it mean for a child in the concrete operations stage to have “decentered” thinking?
A
It means they take into consideration multiple accounts of a situation or a problem.
20
Q
What does it mean for a child in the concrete operations stage to be able to conserve?
A
It means the child understands quantity or amount is unrelated to the arrangement of objects. (Water conservation task/experiment.)
21
Q
Limitations of concrete operational thought:
A
- Logical thinking is tied to physical reality “here and now”
- Cannot think in hypothetical scenarios.
- (Ex: Feather breaking a glass.)
22
Q
Elements of information processing:
A
- Encoding
- Stoarge
- Retrieval
23
Q
What is encoding in regards to information processing?
A
Representing information
24
Q
What is storage in regards to information processing?
A
Maintaining information
25
What is retrieval in regards to information processing?
Pulling out information
26
What is the relationship between age and capacity for Short Term/Working Memory?
-Capacity increases with age
27
Why does short term memory capacity increase with age?
- Improved attention with age
| - Using memory strategies
28
Memory strategies for short term memory and ages they are first used:
- Rehearsal: 7-8 years
- Organization: grouping info into categories 10-11 years
- Elaboration: making up a visual story or image 11-12 years
29
How many items can adults remember vs a 4 year old?
4 year old- 4 things
| Adult- 7 plus or minus 2
30
What does research show about the influence of knowledge or expertise on memory?
If you have knowledge/expertise it influences memory capacity (positively.)
31
Chi's study:
- Adults did better remember lists and numbers than children
- BUT children did better remembering positions of dots on a matrix than adults
- The Catch: Children were skilled chess players, adults were not
- Shows the impact/influence knowledge or expertise can have on memory capacity.
32
What promotes insecure and secure attachment patterns?
Parenting/Caregiving behaviors
33
2 Dimensions of parental behavior based in which Baumrind's parenting styles are based upon:
1. Acceptance/Responsiveness
| 2. Demand/Control
34
Parenting style with high acceptance/responsiveness and high demand/control:
Authoritative
35
Parenting style with low acceptance/responsiveness and high demand/control:
Authoritarian
36
Parenting style with high acceptance/responsiveness and low demand/control:
Permissive-Indulgent
37
Parenting style with low acceptance/responsiveness and low demand/control:
Permissive-Uninvolved/Neglectful
38
Characteristics of the Authoritative parenting style:
-Explains rules to help child understand why it is important
-Interested in child's input
-If child is disobedient they want to know "Why?"
and there is generally no yelling or harsh punishment. The two are engaged in a joint effort in decision making.
39
Characteristics of the Authoritarian parenting style:
- Rules exist but there is NO "why"
- Little explanation for rules
- Doesn't care what child has to say or their input
- More extreme punishments. Like a dictatorship
40
Characteristics of the Permissive-Indulgent parenting style:
- Little to no rules
- Cares about what child has to say and is involved
- Does not follow through with rules or punishments
41
Characteristics of the Permissive-Uninvolved/Neglectful parenting style:
- No rules, no limits, no regulations
| - Doesn't care what child has to say, doesn't value child's input
42
Developmental outcomes for the Authoritative parenting style:
- Correlated with positive developmental outcomes
- Secure attachment relationship
- Child is able to control and regulate their behavior
- Child develops good social skills
43
Developmental outcomes for the Authoritarian parenting style:
- Fearfulness/Anxiety in children
- Unhappiness
- However behavior regulation, peer relations, and attendance, etc. are okay
44
Developmental outcomes for the Permissive-Uninvolved/Neglectful parenting style:
- Most negative developmental outcomes
- Disruption in attachment, more likely to develop insecure ambivalent/resistant attachment.
- More acting out, delinquency
- More likely to be truant "My parent's don't care so why should I"
45
Developmental outcomes for the Permissive-Indulgent parenting style:
- Children have a hard time regulating emotions, have a lack of self control, and are demanding
- More acting out
- Peer relations negatively impacted
- More immature behaviors
46
The _________ parenting style in lower socioeconomic communities leads to more positive life outcomes.
Authoritarian
47
What are factors that effect the ACCURACY of children's eyewitness memory reports?
- Repeatedly questioning children about an event
- Asking leading or suggestive questions
- Using anatomically correct dolls to help children talk about traumatic events
48
A child is playing hide-and-seek and puts a toy in front of her face. She thinks no on can see her because she cannot see past the toy. This example BEST illustrates which of Piaget's concepts?
egocentrism
49
Nicole is dipping ice cream for her children. Each child gets two scoops, however she ran out of bowls and had to use a larger bowl for the older child's ice cream. Her 4-year-old:
got very upset thinking that the older child got more ice cream.
50
Judy DeLoache's "Snoopy" study showed that most 2.5-year-old children can not think of a scale model of a room as a symbol of a life-size room. True or False?
True
51
Preoperational children's inability to conserve is based on their tendency toward __________ and their lack of understanding of __________.
1. centration
| 2. reversability
52
According to Piaget, the concrete operational child thinks:
In a way that is limited to the tangible.
53
Children who are independent, self-assertive, and socially competent have parents who most likely adopted which parenting style?
Authoritative
54
John expects his kids to be seen, but not heard and to treat his word as the law. Which of Baumrind's parenting styles does John display?
Authoritarian
55
What are some changes in growth for children in early childhood?
- In early childhood the percentage of increase in height and weight decreases with each additional year.
- they also slim down as the trunk of the body lengthens
- head is still a bit large for the body, but smaller than when they were a toddler.
56
Area of the brain that experiences rapid growth during preschool years and its function:
Prefrontal Cortex - Plays a key role in planning and organizing new actions and maintaining attention to tasks.
57
Leading causes of death of young children around the world:
- preventable infectious diseases
| - could be prevented by improvements in nutrition, sanitation, education and health services.
58
What is Symbolic Function Ability?
The child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present. (With symbols?)
59
What is Animism in regards to the limitations of preoperational thought?
The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action.
60
What is lack of conservation in regards to the limitations of preoperational thought?
This means the child lacks the awareness that altering an object or substance's appearance does not change its basic properties.
61
Which limit of preoperational thought contributes to a child's lack of ability to conserve?
centration
62
What does Vygotsky view as important in influencing cognition and how does it differ from piaget's view?
he views social influences, especially instruction, and inner speech as important in children's cognitive development.
Piaget views inner speech as egocentric and immature.
63
What is zone of proximal development?
Vygotsky's term for the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master by themselves but can be learned with guidance/assistance of adults/more-skilled peers
64
Scaffolding
means changing the level of support when an instructor is teaching a child a skill. They may start out with a lot of direct instruction and gradually decrease as the child's proficiency increases
65
What is attention?
the focusing of mental resources on select information.
66
How does attention and short term memory change with age?
they both increase with age.
67
Difference between phonology and morphology:
phonology refers to the sound system of a language including the sounds used and how they may be combined, while morphology refers to the units of meaning involved in word formation. (dogs and dog's)
68
Difference between syntax and semantics:
Syntax involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences "Where is daddy going?", while Semantics is the aspect of language that refers to the Meaning of sentences and words.
69
What is pragmatics and why is it important?
Pragmatics is the appropriate use of language in different contexts. It is important because it helps to characterize young children's language development.
70
What changes in obesity rates have there been within the U.S.?
The percentage of children in the U.S. who are at risk of being overweight has increased
- 2-5 year olds decreased to 8%
- 6-11 year old obesity has not changed at 17.5%
71
Influence of nature and nurture on obesity:
```
Nature:
-overweight parents tend to have overweight children
-heredity
Nurture:
-availability of food
-heavy screen time
-parents' eating habits/monitoring of their child's eating habits
-the context in which the child eats
- energy saving devices
-declining physical activity
```
72
What are the change in thinking "operations" in regards to Piaget's concrete operational theory?
In this stage children can perform concrete operations and can think and reason logically in specific concrete examples.
Concrete operations are operations that are applied to real, concrete objects.
73
Define Intelligence
The ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn from experiences
74
Binet's Influence on Intelligence testing
Binet created the concept of "mental age" which is an individual's level of mental development related to others which would then go on to help calculate a person's IQ. His test is still used but is very revised.
75
How does one calculate an intelligence quotient (IQ)?
-Take a persons mental age (MA) and divide by their chronological age (CA) and multiply by 100.
IQ=MA/CA x 100
76
Culture Fair testing
-tests of intelligence that are intended to be free of cultural bias.
77
Benefits of bilingualism on cognitive development:
bilingual children have more advanced information-processing skills
78
Difference between bilingual (dual-language) and English immersion educational approaches; what does research show about the effectiveness of the programs?
english immersion programs - instruction in english only
bilingual approach- involves instruction in their home language And in english
academic achievement has been shown to be higher in dual language programs than english-only.
79
self-understanding
the representation of self, the substance and content of self-conceptions.
80
how do 3-4 year olds generally define themselves?
through physical and material attributes.
81
Concerns/Issues with physical forms of punishment.
- child may imitate the behavior
- child may avoid or fear the parent
- punishment tells children what not to do rather than what to do
- parents might unintentionally become abusive
82
Factors that influence the likelihood of abuse:
- parenting stress
- substance abuse
- social isolation
- single parenting
- low socioeconomic status
83
Intergenerational Transmission of Abuse
1/3 of parents that were abused themselves go on to abuse their children.
The carrying on of abuse over generations, the cycle
84
How do children in middle and late childhood define themselves?
-they describe themselves with more psychological traits rather than physical, use references of social groups "catholic", and social comparison to peers.
85
What does research show regarding developmental outcomes for children raised in heterosexual vs. homosexual homes?
very few differences between the two:
same peer relations, sexuality, adjustment, and mental health.
-more positive parenting and fewer child externalizing problems in gay father families than in heterosexual families
-lesbian and gay couples shared childcare more than heterosexual couples.
86
recommendation for amount of screen time for preschoolers and the influence of high levels of TV/screen time on children's development:
- No more than 1 hour per day
- makes them passive learners, distracts them from homework, teaches stereotypes, provides them with violent models of aggression and presents them with an unrealistic view of the world, increased obesity, and lower physical activity.
87
What is coregulation?
How does it change with child's age?
Why is it important?
Parents continue to exercise general supervision and control, while children are allowed to engage in moment-to-moment self-regulation.
Occurs in middle-late childhood, and ends around age 12 when there is a shift to autonomy
It is a key developmental task to help children move through their transition to autonomy
Lifespan Development
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