exam 3

Question 1

select appropriate measurement system

Answer 1

1. OPERATION DEFINTION OF DVS AND IVS
2. DIMENSIONS OF BEHAVIOR TO MEASURE
3. DATA COLLECTION LOCATION
4. APPROPRIATE MEASUREMENT METHOD
5. CREATE DATASHEET
6. TRAIN OBSERVERS
7. PLAN 4 MINIMIZING REACTIVITY
8. COLLECT DATA AND ASSESS IOA

Question 2

dimensions of bx

Answer 2

frequency
intensity
duration`

Question 3

Replication

Answer 3

purpose= to demonstrate research results have BOTH INTERNAL and EXTERNAL VALIDITY
-supports a functional relationship through repeating effects of the IV on the DV

Question 4

INTRA subject replication

Answer 4

replication w/ the SAME participant

Question 5

INTER subject replication

Answer 5

replication ACROSS participants

-study replicated w/ a new participant to see if results will maintain

Question 6

Direct Replication

Answer 6

the same researcher REPLICATING the same study

Question 7

Systematic Replication

Answer 7

previous research replicated w/ some variation (researcher, populations, procedures)

• demonstrate reliability of effect
• extend generality of findings
• identify exceptions

Question 8

independent variables are manipulated by…

Answer 8

Variable manipulated in a study
oAntecedent events
oConsequent events
oStructural/Environmental
oBiological

Question 9

Considerations when Choosing IVs

Answer 9

Is the process of implementing IV clearly described?

oUse treatment integrity measures to ensure proper use
•Is it appropriate to the consumer’s ability?

• Are there risks?
• Are you evaluating all IVs to the most appropriate standard of implementation?
• Is the IV a package?

Question 10

Validity/ Accuracy

Answer 10

The extent to which data are relevant to DV and purpose for measurement (true measure)

oAre you collecting data on the correct behavior?

oMake sure you’re measuring the right dimension of behavior

–Target behavior: Aggression
»Intensity vs. frequency of occurrence

oMake sure you’re using the right type of measurement: –Target behavior: Tantrums

Question 11

Internal Validity

Answer 11

The degree to which outside variables influences results–

Does the IV cause the DV to change

Question 12

Threats to Internal Validity

Answer 12

–Procedural fidelity/procedural drift
–Attrition/participant drop out
–Cyclical variability of the data
–Effects of testing
–Maturation of participants
–Reactivity

Question 13

Assessing Observer Reliability/IOA

Answer 13

“Establishing a criterion or criteria in a way that two or more observers can agree on their occurrences.”

Discrepancies in data collection:•Inadequacies of observers
•Inadequacies of observation code/definition •Inadequacies of calculation

Question 14

Interobserver Agreement (IOA)

Answer 14

Assesses whether data are reliable
•IOA validates your operational definition
Consideration: Identify ways to minimize observer bias

•Calculating IOA (TOTAL reliability):
L/H x 100 (frequency, duration, intensity, latency, permanent product)
L: Low
H: High

A/A+D x 100 (interval and time sample
A: Agreement–D: Disagreement

Question 15

Measurement Considerations

Answer 15

•Minimizing Reactivity
Wait
Avoid interactions
Be out of the way
Minimize distractions
•Observer drift
•Selecting inappropriate measuremen
t•Inadequate operational definitions
•Not enough data

Question 16

Interval Based Rec

Answer 16

Interval Recording•
Whole-interval recording
•Partial-interval recording
•Frequency-within-interval recording•
Continuous vs. discontinuous

• Whole===If it occurs throughout the interval
• Partial—-If it occurs at any point in the interval

Question 17

Time Based Measuring

Answer 17

Temporal Dimensions
Duration—Amount of time response is performed

Latency—–Amount of time between the onset of a stimulus and the behavior

Interresponse time (IRT)—-Amount of time that occurs between two consecutive instances of a response

Question 18

Event Rec

Answer 18

Event Recording (frequency)
Pencil and paper•Clickers, counters•Pennies, etc.•Electronic data collector (iPhone app, etc.)•Calculating response rate•Total responses•Responses per minute

Question 19

Time Sampling

Answer 19

• Time Sampling
• Momentary Time-sampling
• Observe whether a behavior occursat a specific time
• Usually the end of an interval (But not always)
• Removes need for continuous observation

Question 20

Social Validity

Answer 20

1) the extent to which the dependent variables are socially relevant
2) the intervention is socially acceptable
3) the results produce significant change

Question 21

Treatment Integrity

Answer 21

•Treatment Integrity- the accuracy of the implementation of an intervention
Assessment of treatment integrity is essential: To determine effectiveness of the intervention

Question 22

Produce High Treatment Integrity

Answer 22

Operational definition
Simplify
Training 
Task analyses
Assessing

Question 23

Methods to Assess Treatment Integrity

Answer 23

Methods to assess treatment Integrity
•Checklists
•Direct observation

Question 24

Selecting a research question Consideratons

Answer 24

• scholarly contribution
• setting
• participants
• research assistants
• equipment and materials
• time frame

Question 25

4 components in a Research Proposal

Answer 25

1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Method 4. (hypothetical) results

Question 26

Bx Outcome Goals

Answer 26

1. INCREASE OR DECREASE BEHAVIOR 2. TEACH NEW BEHAVIOR 3. GENERALIZE OR MAINTAIN BEHAVIOR CHANGE

Question 27

Dependent Variable Considerations

Answer 27

- choosing based on previous data (previous data may have used subjective meas.) - previous research may have used objective meas., may have to modify or use measurement may modify to be specific to study - Incorrectly labeling or defining DV (DV should be defined in a way that 2 independent observers see the same bx and score the same occurrences/nonoccur.) - current rate of bx does not justify study (incorporate a control or baseline to determine extent or absence of prob to determine rationale for DV) - DV is not socially significant/face validity (part of your study's intro/lit review will be to demonstrate that the current DV is socially significant, provide rationale for your study)

Question 28

Independent Variable Considerations

Answer 28

- decription of variable should include all ASPECTS (technological) - collect data on the implementation of the intervention/IV - calculate treatment integrity - consumers (teacher, caregiver capability does user intervention have specific skill prior) - Risks? (effects on peers or non-target subjects, potential side effets, decreat 1 bx but increases another - Evaluating Non-behavioral procedures (don't test straw man and avoid bias)