Neuroanatomy > Exam #3: Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Exam #3: Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What part of the cerebral cortex is the “new cortex?”

A

Neocortex

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2
Q

What part of the cerebral cortex is the “ ancient cortex?”

A

Allocortex

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3
Q

What structures are part of the allocortex? How many layers are there in the allocortex?

A

Hippocampus= 3 layers
Paleocortex
Mesocortex

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4
Q

What is the paleocortex? How many layers are there in the paleocortex?

A

Primary & secondary olfactory cortex

*****3-5

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5
Q

What is the mesocortex? How many layers are there in the mesocortex?

A

Cingulate gyrus
Insular cortex

**3-6

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6
Q

How do our brains compare to chimps?

A
  • Much more neocortex in humans

**Roughly equal size of primary areas (visual, motor, sensory…etc. but LARGER ASSOCIATION areas that integrate information between the primary areas

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7
Q

How does the layering of the precentral gyrus change as you go posterior into the postcentral gyrus?

A
  • Precentral gyrus/ motor cortex= agranular & thicker
  • Less cortical thickness in the sulcus
  • Postcentral gyrus/ sensory cortex= granular & less thick
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8
Q

What is the isocortex?

A

Same thing as neocortex

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9
Q

What is the difference between homo-typical & hetero-typical cortex?

A

Homotypical= having the same architecture/ layering
- Association areas

Heterotypical= different architecture

  • Motor cortex
  • Sensory cortex
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10
Q

What is the difference between granular & agranular? What region is agranular? What region is granular?

A

Granular= speckled & “salt and pepper” appearance
- Primary sensory cortex

Agranular= smoother appearance
- Primary motor cortex

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11
Q

How are the layers of the cerebral cortex numbered?

A

Layer I is at the top

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12
Q

What is the major cell type seen in the cerebral cortex?

A

Pyramidal cells

  • Basal dendrites & apical dendrites in the cortical layers
  • Axons leave the cortex
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13
Q

What are fusiform cells?

A

Modified granular cell

  • Apical & basal dendrites
  • Axon leaves the cortex and goes to the THALAMUS
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14
Q

What cell types are considered interneurons?

A
  • Stellate
  • Granule–makes the distinction between granular and agranular
  • Basket cell
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of interneurons?

A

Axons run horizontal in the cortex

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16
Q

What are retzius-cajal cells?

A

Cell that occurs in the upper parts of the cortex

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17
Q

What are Cells of Martiontti?

A

Cells that occur in the lower cortical layers

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18
Q

What cells from the cortex form most of the white matter?

A

Pyramidal cells

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19
Q

What are association fibers? List the association fibers.

A

White matter tracts that run within the SAME hemisphere

E.g.

  • Superior longitudinal fasiculus
  • Unciante fasiculus
  • Occiptofrontal fasiculus
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20
Q

What are commissural fibers? List the commissural fibers.

A

White matter tracts that run to the OPPOSITE hemisphere

E.g.

  • Corpus callosum
  • Anterior commissure
  • Posterior commissure
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21
Q

What are projection fibers?

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A

White matter fibers that project from the cortex to spinal cord & vice versa

E.g.

  • Posterior limb of the internal capsule
  • Crus cerebri
22
Q

What is the major landmark for the posterior limb of the internal capulse on coronal section?

23
Q

Name the six layers of the cortex. What cell types are associated with these layers?

Study These Flashcards
A

I= molecular
- Cells of Cajal

II= External granular
- Granular cells

III= External pyramidal
- Pyramidal

IV= Internal granular
- Granular

V= Internal pyramidal
- Pyramidal

VI= Multiform
- Fusiform cells

24
Q

Describe the shape of the pyramidal cells in the external pyramidal layer and the internal pyramidal layer.

Study These Flashcards
A

External= small to medium sized pyramidal cells

Internal= large sized pyramidal cells

25
What directions do the axons of Layers I & II project? What is the functional implication?
Horizontal axonal projections result in integration
26
What direction do the axons of the Layer III project?
External pyramidal layer= Output
27
What direction do the axons of the Layer IV project?
Internal granular layer= Input
28
What direction do the axons of the Layer V project?
Internal pyramidal layer= Output
29
What direction do the axons of the Layer VI project?
Mulitform/fusiform layer= Output
30
What cortical layers is expanded in the Primary Motor Cortex?
Layer III & Layer V i.e. output layers - External Pyramidal Layer - Internal Pyramidal Layer
31
What cortical layers are expanded in the Primary Sensory Cortex?
Layer II & IV= Input | - Internal Granular Layer= Layer II
32
What are Brodmann's areas based on?
Cytoarchitecture of the gray matter
33
What Brodmann area is the Primary Motor Cortex?
Brodmann 4
34
What Brodmann area is the Premotor Cortex?
Brodmann 6
35
What Brodmann area is the Frontal Eye Field?
Brodmann 6
36
Where is Broca's Area?
Brodmann 45 ****In the region of the triangular & opercular gyri of the lateral frontal lobe
37
What does a lesion to Broca's Area result in?
Inability to speak--comprehension is maintained
38
What Brodmann area is the Somatosensory Cortex?
Brodmann 3,1,2
39
What Brodmann area is the Somatosensory Association Cortex?
Brodmann 5 & 7
40
What Brodmann area is the Primary Visual Cortex?
Brodmann 17
41
What Brodmann area is the Visual Association Cortex?
Brodmann 18 & 19
42
What Brodmann area is the Primary Auditory Cortex?
Brodmann 41 *****Note that this is in the area of the superior temporal gyrus
43
What Brodmann area is the Auditory Association Cortex?
Brodmann 42
44
What Brodmann area is the Wernicke's Area?
Brodmann 22
45
What does a lesion to Wernicke's Area result in?
Intact speech without comprehension
46
What Brodmann area is the Cingulate Gyrus?
Brodmann 24
47
What was the main cortical structure damaged in the famous Phineas Gage case? What did this result in?
Cingulate Gyrus-- Brodmann 24 ****Cingulate Gyrus= limbic system--resulted in drastic change in personality
48
What is apraxia?
Impairment in the performance of learned motor movements
49
What is agnosia?
Inability to process sensory information
50
What are the major functions of the left hemisphere?
Language | Math
51
What are the major functions of the right hemisphere?
Creativity | Intuition
52
What is melodic intonation therapy?
Therapeutic process used by music therapists and speech-language pathologists to help patients with communication disorders caused by damage to the LEFT hemisphere of the brain. *****Speech= LEFT, Song= RIGHT
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