Health Assessment > Exam 3 - Hepatic/Biliary Systems > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Hepatic/Biliary Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of the liver?

A
  • Glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis)
  • Storage of glucose as glycogen
  • Synthesis of hormones and vitamins from cholesterol
  • Metabolism to create energy and drug metabolism (CYP450)
  • Iron storage
  • Makes coag factors (except III, IV, VIII, and vWF)
  • Blood reservoir
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2
Q

How many segments are there in the liver? What creates them?
What seperates the 2 lobes?

A
  • 8 segments (each has a branch of the portal vein and hepatic artery)
  • Falciform ligament
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3
Q

What veins return blood from the liver to the IVC?

A

Right, middle, and left hepatic veins

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4
Q

How does bile travel through and out of the liver?

A

Via bile ducts that travel along portal veins
Drains through hepatic duct into CBD and GB
Enters duodenum via Ampulla of Vater

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5
Q

The liver recieves how much of the CO?

A

25% or 1.25-1.5 L/min, highest portion of CO of all organs

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6
Q

The portal vein provides ____ of hepatic blood flow and is partially ____

A

75%, deoxygenated

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7
Q

The hepatic artery branches off the ____ and provides ____ of the hepatic blood flow

A

aorta, 25%

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8
Q

The liver obtains ____ of oxygen from both portal vein and hepatic artery

A

50%

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9
Q

How is hepatic blood flow regulated?
What can happen when this fails?

A

Hepatic blood flow is autoregulated; Hepatic artery dilates when portal blood flow is low
When portal venous pressure increases blood backs up in the systemic circulation and can cause varices

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10
Q

What HVPG correlates with cirrohsis and esophageal varices?

A

HVPG > 10 mmHg

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11
Q

What can happen at an HVPG >12 mmHg?

A

Variceal rupture

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12
Q

What risk factors may lead to liver disease?

A
  • Family hx
  • EtOH abuse
  • DM
  • Obesity
  • Illicit drug use
  • Multiple partners
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13
Q

Someone with liver failure may have what physical findings?

A
  • Pruritis (bilirubin excess)
  • Jaundice
  • Ascites
  • Asterixis (flapping tremor)
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Spleenomegaly
  • Spider nevi
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14
Q

What are the 3 groups of hepatobiliary disorders (according to stolting)

A

Hepatocellular injury: ↑AST/ALT (hepatocyte enzymes)
- Acute Liver Failure (ALF): may be elevated 25x
- Alcoholic Liver Dz (ALD): AST:ALT ratio usually at least 2:1
- NAFLD: ratio usually 1:1

Reduced synthetic function: ↓Albumin, ↑PT/INR

Cholestasis:↑AlkPhosphatase,↑GGT,↑bilirubin

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15
Q

What are the 3 groups of hepatobiliary disorders? (according to miller)

A
  • Bilirubin overload
  • Hepatocellular injury
  • Cholestasis
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16
Q

What abnormal lab findings are found with bilirubin overload?

A
  • Unconjugated bilirubin predominants
  • BUN may be slightly increased
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17
Q

What abnormal lab findings are found with hepatocellular injury?

A
  • Incrased aminotrasferases (AST/ALT)
  • Decreased albumin
  • Prolonged PT
  • Retention of dye
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18
Q

What abnormal lab findings are found with cholestasis?

A
  • Increased alkaline phosphatase
  • Increased Ɣ-Glutamyl transpeptidase
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19
Q

Risk factors, S/S, and treatments for cholelithiasis

A

Risk factors: Obesity, ↑cholesterol, DM, preganancy, female, family hx
S/S: RUQ pain referred to shoulders, N/V, indegestion, fever
Tx: IVF, abx, lap cholecystectomy

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20
Q

What is choledocolithiasis?

A

Stone obstructs the CBD causing retrograde flow of bile

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21
Q

Sx of choledocolithiasis?

A

N/V, cramping, RUQ pain
Can progress to cholangitis → fever, rigors, jaundice

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22
Q

Treatment for choledocolithiasis?

A

ERCP - Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
Guidewire threaded through Sphincter of Oddi into Ampulla of Vater to retrieve stone

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23
Q

Anesthesia concerns for ERCP?

A
  • Pt is under GA
  • Usually prone with left tilt (tape ETT to the left)
  • Glucagon may be needed if sphincter of oddi spasm
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24
Q

What is bilirubin and the different forms?

A

Bilirubin - end product of heme breakdown
Unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin - protein bound to albumin; conjugated in the liver to “direct” state and excreted into bile (now water soluble)

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25
What causes unconjugated hyperbilirubinema?
Imbalance between bilirubin synthesis and conjugation: drug induced, sepsis, sickle cell
26
What causes conjugated hyperbilirubinemia?
Caused by obstruction, causing reflux of bilirubin into circulation: intrahepatic cholelithiasis, hepatitis, drugs, cirrhosis
27
What type of hepatitis usually requires a liver transplant? What treatments reduce HCV?
* Hepatitis C * HCV genotyping and staging has improved * Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir clear 99% of 1A/1B genotypes
28
How are the different viral hepatitis' spread?
A, E: fecal-oral, contaminated water B,C: Transfusion, percutaneous, sexual D: Percutaneous
29
Which viral hepatitis has the longest incubation period?
Type B: 60-110 days
30
What viral hepatitis' progress to chronic liver disease?
B: in 1-5% of adults and 80-90% of children C: up to 75% of patients
31
What is the most common cause of cirrhosis and liver transplants?
Alcholic liver disease
32
S/S of Alcoholic LD?
- Jaundice - Thrombocytopenia - Acites - Hepatosplenomegaly - EtOH withdrawl (sx of ETOH withdrawal is 24-72h after stopping)
33
Abnormal lab values found in ALD?
* ↑Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) * ↑Liver enzymes * ↑ɣ-glutamyl-transferase (GGT) * ↑Bilirubin * Blood ethanol (acute intox)
34
Diagnosis and causes of NAFLD?
Dx: hepatocytes contain >5% fat - requires liver biopsy (gold standard to differentiate btwn other liver dz) Causes: Obesity, insulin resistance, DM2, metabolic syndrome
35
Treatments for NAFLD?
Diet, exercise, liver transplant for advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis
36
Describe autoimmune hepatitis? Treatments?
- Predominantly effects women - Have autoantibodies and hypergammaglobulinemia - AST/ALT may be 10-20x normal in acute phase - Steroids and azathioprine (immunosuppressant) - Liver transplant for acute liver failure
37
Most common cause of drug induced liver injury?
Acetaminophen OD
38
What are the 3 cogenital hepatic disorders?
- Wilsons disease - ⍺-1 Antitrypsin deficiency - Hemochromatosis
39
Describe Wilsons Disease (hepatoenticular degneration)?
- Autosomal recessive disease causing impaired copper metabolism (**excess Cu buildup**) - Leads to oxidative stress on liver, basal ganglia, and cornea
40
S/S and treatmets for Wilsons disease?
- Asymptomatic - Sudden onset liver failure - Neurologic and psychiatric manifestations - Tx: copper-chelation therapy and oral zinc to bind Cu in GI traact
41
Describe ⍺-1 antitrypsin deficiency?
- Defective ⍺-1 antitrypsin protein - Normally ⍺-1 antitrypsin protects the lung and liver from neutrophil elastase (enzyme disruptes tissues) - Leading genetic cause of liver transplants in children
42
Treatments for ⍺-1 antitrypsin deficiency?
- Pooled ⍺-1 antitrypsin for pulmonary symptoms - Liver transplant is the only curative treatment
43
What is hemochromatosis?
- Excessive GI absorption of iron → accumulates in organs and causes tissue damage - May be genetic or from blood/iron transfusion
44
S/S and treatments for hemochromatosis?
- Cirrhosis, heart failure, DM, adrenal insufficiency or polyarthropathy - ↑AST/ALT, transferrin saturation, and ferritin - Tx: weekly phlebotomy, iron-chelation, liver transplant
45
What is Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)?
* Autoimmune inflammation of the large bile ducts - Leads to fibrosis in biliary tree causing a "beads on string" appearance - Can cause cirrhosis and ESLD ## Footnote Intra and extrahepatic
46
S/S of PSC?
- Fatigue - Itching - Fat soluble vitamin deficiency (A,D,E,K) - Cirrhosis - ↑Alk phos, ɣ-glutamyl-transferase, +auto-antibodies - Males > females
47
How is PSC diagnosed and treated?
MRCP/ERCP showing biliary strictures Liver transplant is only long term treatment (re-occurence common)
48
Describe Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC)?
- Autoimmune destruction of bile ducts causing periportal inflammation and cholestasis - Can lead to fibrosis, scarring, and cirrhosis - Thought to be caused by enviornmental toxin exposure in genetically susceptible individuals ## Footnote intrahepatic only
49
S/S of PBC?
- Jaundice - Fatigue - Itching - ↑Alk Phos,↑GGT, + Antimitochondrial antibodies - Bile duct destruction and infiltration w/ lymphocytes on biopsy
50
Treatment for PBC?
No cure, bile acids slow progression (can damage stomach lining)
51
Patho of acute liver failure? S/S? Treatment?
- Massive hepatocyte necrosis leads to cellular swelling and membrane disruption - Sx: Jaundice, nausea, RUQ pain, cerebral edema, encephalopathy, MODS - Tx: fix underlying cause, suppoprtive care, liver transplant
52
What is the final stage of liver disease?
Cirrhosis - normal liver parenchyma replaced with scar tissue
53
What is the most common complication of cirrhosis and treatments?
Ascites - due to increase abdominal blood volume and peritoneal accumulation of fluid Tx: ↓Salt diet, albumin replacement, Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS)
54
Most common infection r/t cirrhosis?
Bacterial Peritonitis
55
Cirrhotic varcies treatments?
- BB reduce risk - Prophylactic banding and ligation - Balloon tamponade for refractory bleeding
56
Causes, symptoms, and treatments for hepatic encephalopathy?
* Buildup of nitrogenous waste d/t poor liver detoxification * Neuropsychiatric symptoms (cognitive impairment → coma) * Tx: Lactulose, Rifaximin to ↓ammonia-producing bacteria in gut
57
What is hepatorenal syndrome? Treatments?
- Excess production of endogenous vasodilators (NO, PGs)→↓SVR→↓RBF - Tx: Midodrine, Octreotide, Albumin
58
What is hepatopulmonary syndrome? Symptom?
* Triad: chronic liver dz, hypoxemia, intrapulmonary vascular dilation * Platypnea (hypoxemia when upright) d/t R to L intrapulmonary shunt
59
What is portopulmonary HTN? Treatments?
* Pulmonary HTN accompanied by portal HTN * Systemic vasodilation triggers production of pulmonary vasoconstrictors * Tx: PD-I’s, NO, prostacyclin analogs, and endothelin receptor antagonists  * Transplant is only cure
60
What is the Child-Turcotte-Pugh score and what is it based on?
Awards points based on bilirubin, albumin, PT, ascites, and encephalopathy
61
What is the Model for End Stage Liver Disease score and what is it based on?
Score based on bilirubin, INR, creatinine, and sodium
62
How does the MELD and CTP score influence preoperative decision making?
63
Intraoperative anesthetic considerations for liver disease?
- Invasive monitoring - Colloids preferred to crystalloids - Chronic alcholism increases MAC - Drugs may have prolonged DOA/slower onset - Incerased risk for bleeding
64
What NMB is preferred for liver disease patients?
Sucinylcholine and cisatricurium (not liver metabolized) Although plasma cholinesterases may also be decreased
65
What is a TIPS procedure?
* Stent or graft placed btw hepatic vein and portal vein * Shunts portal flow to systemic circulation * Reduces the portosystemic pressure gradient
66
TIPS indications and contraindications?
Indications: Refractory variceal hemorrhage and ascities CI: HF, Tricuspid regurgitation, severe pulmonary HTN.
67
Indications for partial hepatectomy? Anesthetic considerations?
- Removal of neoplasms - Up to 75% can be removed (tissue can regenerate) - Need invasive monitoring, blood products, adequate IV access, maintain low CVP to reduce blood loss.
68
Liver transplant anesthetic concerns?
69
What is a normal HPVG?
1-5 mmHg
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