Anatomy > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Gas conditioning

A

Adding heat and moisture to air we breathe in

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2
Q

What is the nasal cavity and oral cavity separated by?

A

Hard palate (palatine bone + maxilla)

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3
Q

Another name for pharynx?

A

Throat

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4
Q

Another name for Larynx?

A

Voice box

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5
Q

Another name for trachea?

A

Wind pipe

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6
Q

What are the nasal cavities? What do they do?

A

-Superior/Middle/Inferior nasal conchas (covered in mucosa) - Gas condition

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7
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses? What do they do?

A

-Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla -Lightens skull

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8
Q

Where is Nasopharynx located?

A

-Above palate, in throat

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9
Q

What is lining for Nasopharynx?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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10
Q

Where is the pharyngeal tonsils located? What is the other name for it?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Adenoids
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11
Q

What is the lining for Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified sqaumous (think protection from hot/sharp foods)

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12
Q

Fauces

A
  • Opening of oral cavity –> oropharynx
  • Pair of muscular arches
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13
Q

Where are palatine tonsils located?

A
  • Fauces (in oropharynx)
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14
Q

Where are lingual tonsils located?

A
  • Base of tongue
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15
Q

Where is the oropharynx located?

A

Below soft palate

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16
Q

Lining - Larynx? (Superior & inferior)

A

Superior: Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Inferior: Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar epithelium

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17
Q

Lining - Trachea?

A
  • Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
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18
Q

Lining - Bronchi? (large)

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

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19
Q

Lining - Bronchioles?

A

Simple Columnar (larger) –> Simple cuboidal (smaller)

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20
Q

Lining - Respiratory Bronchioles

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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21
Q

Lining - Alveolar ducts & Alveoli?

A

Simple Squamous

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22
Q

What are the cartilages of the Larynx?

A
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Cricoid cartilage
  • Epiglottis

Minor: Arytenoids, corniculate/cuneiform

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23
Q

Trachea

A
  • Wind Pipe
  • C-shaped hyaline cartilage (front and sides of trachea)
  • Trachealis muscle @ back
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24
Q

Bronchiole tree consists of?

A
  • Primary Bronchi
  • Secondary Bronchi (Lobars)
  • Tertiary Bronchi (Segmental)
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25
Bronchioles
- **_Less than 1mm in diamater_** - Made of **_smooth (involuntary)_** muscle - Bronchoconstriction (sympathetic) - Bronchodilation (parasympathetic)
26
Alveoli (alvelous)?
-Where **_diffusion_** of **_gases_** occur
27
Pulmonary Surfactant
- **_Chemical_** that keeps **_air sacs_** of **_alveolus_** **_open_** - By **_decreasing surface tension_**
28
Respiratory Membrane
- **_Diffusion barrier_** where **_respiratory gases_** are exchanged **_between blood and air in alveoli_** - Fused membrane of **_Type I alveolar cell_** and **_Capillary cell_**
29
Thryoid Cartilage
- Adam's Apple (aka **_Laryngeal prominence)_** - Biggest, doesn't cover back
30
Cricoid Cartilage
- Small in front, big in back (ring shaped)
31
Epiglottis (larynx cartilage)
- A flap, looks like leaf - Closes opening (glottis) of larynx, when swallowing so it doesn't go into resp. tract
32
Arytenoid
- Minor Larynx Cartilage - Imporant in speech, connected to vocal cords
33
Types of Alveoli cells?
- Type I: Simple squamous for rapid diffusion - Type II: Simple cuboidal in shape, For pulmonary surfactant
34
What controls rate and depth of breathing?
**_Respiratory Rhythmicity Center_** in **_Medulla Oblongata_**
35
What are the 5 functions of saliva?
1. Moistens bolus 2. Cleans/lubricates oral cavity 3. Begins chemical digestion 4. Antibacterial 5. Important for tastebuds
36
What are the 3 salivary glands?
1. Parotid gland (sits below ears) 2. Submandibular gland (below mandible) 3. Sublingual gland (below tongue)
37
What are Intraperitoneal Organs? What do those organs include?
- Organs completely surrounded by **_visceral peritoneum_** - **_Stomach_** and most of **_small intestines_**
38
What are **_Retroperitoneal Organs_**? What do those organs include?
- Organs in **_direct**_ _**contact**_ with _**posterior abdominal and pelvic walls**_. Only their _**front is covered in visceral peritoneum_** 1. Pancreas 2. Ascending/Descending colon of large intestines 3. Rectum
39
Lesser Omentum
- Between **stomach** and **liver**
40
Greater Omentum
- **Hangs** from **stomach** --\> Goes to **colon** - **Holds** **intestines in place**
41
Mesentary Proper
**Holds small intestine** to **posterior wall**
42
Mesocolon
Holds **colon of large intestine** to posterilr wall
43
What are the walls of the abdominal GI Tract / Digestive Tract / Alimentary Canal?
- Mucosa - Submucosa - Muscularis Externa - Adventitia or Serosa
44
Mucosa and it's 3 components?
- Deepest layer - 3 components: 1. Epithelium Lining 2. Lamina Propia (areolar connective tissue) 3. Muscularis Mucosae (smooth muscle)
45
Submucosa
- **Largest area** of **connective tissue** **- Blood vessels** and **nerves** **- Lymphatic ducts** - **Mucin-secreting glands**
46
**Muscularis Externa**, its 2 sublayers, and exceptions?
1. Inner layer: Squeezes lumen 2. Outer layer: Shortens tubes Exceptions: 1. Esophagus has skeletal muscle 2. Stomach has 3 layers
47
Adventitia
- Outermost layer - Arreolar CT w/ collagen and elastic fibers - In esophagus and rectum
48
Serosa
- **_Serous membrane_ only in abdomen (small/large intestine, etc)** **- Mainly visceral layer of peritoneum** **- Areolar CT and simple squamous epithelium**
49
Lacteals
- **Specialized lymphatic _capillaries_** **-** In villi of small intestines, **absorbs fats**
50
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
- **_Immune/Defense system**_ in _**mucosa**_ in _**GI Tract_** **-** In **lymphatic tissue**
51
Lining of Esophagus?
- Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (for protection of rough foods)
52
Gastric folds (rugae)
- Temporary folds in stomach
53
Lining of stomach wall?
- Simple Columnar epitehlium
54
External Respiration
Exchange of gases between **_lungs**_ and _**enviroment_**
55
Internal Respiration
Exchange of gases between **_lungs and blood_**, and then between **_blood and tissues_**
56
Parietal Cell (of stomach)
- Produces hydrochloric acid - Intrinsic factor: Absorbs B12 / Produce Erythryocytes
57
Chief Cells
- **Works** w/**_parietal cells_** - Produces **_pepsinogen (inactive)_** + Hydrochloric acid (parietal cell) = **_pepsin_** **_- Begins protein digestion (in stomach)_**
58
How long are the Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum respectively in the small intestine?
10, 7.5, and 10.8 inches
59
What does the duodenum do?
-**Receives _bile_** from **_major duodenal papilla_**
60
What does the jejunum do?
-Primary part for chemical digestion/nutrient absorption
61
What does ileum do?
-Last part of small intestine, starts to reabsorb water here
62
Ileocecal valve
- A **_sphincter_** at **_the illeum_** that **_controls entry_** --\> **_large intestine_**
63
Circular Folds (Plicae Circularis)
- **_Only in small intestines_** - **_Increase surface area**_ = _**nutrient absorption_** - Circular Folds --\> villi --\> microvilli
64
Main functions of large intestines?
- **_Reabsorption_** of **_fluids, ions_**, and **_electrolytes_** - Packs **_wastes into feces_** - Stores **_feces**_ until _**expulsion_**
65
Order of large intestines?
1. Cecum 2. Ascending colon 3. Transverse colon 4. Descending colon 5. Sigmoid Colon 6. Rectum 7. Anal Canal
66
Lining of large intestines
- Simple columnar epithelium w/goblet cells
67
Nephrons (of kidneys)
- Microscopic structures that make urine
68
Afferent arterioles (of kidneys)
- Little arteries going into nephron - Things that aren't filtered go through here
69
Renal Corpuscle (of kidneys)
- Capsule surrounding glomerulus - Aka **_Bowman's Capsule_**
70
Glomerulus
- "**_Ball_**" of **_capillaries_** - First part of making urine - Where **_filtrates**_ goes through _**filtration_**
71
Efferent arterioles
- Arterioles where remaining blood exits glomerulus - Can go to either: 1) **_Peritubular Capillaries_** 2) **_Vasa Recta_**
72
Peritubular Tubes
- **_Capillaries_** surrounding **_convoluted tubes**_ in _**renal cortex_**
73
Vasa Recta
- **_Capilaries_** associated with **_nephron loop (long one sticking out)_** in the **_medulla_**
74
Components of a Nephron? (4 parts)
1) Renal Corpuscle 2) Proximal Convoluted Tubule 3) Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle) 4) Distal Convoluted Tubule
75
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
- **_Simple Cuboidal Epithelium_** w/**_tall microvilli_** - **_Reabsorbs nutrients and water_** --\> entering **_peritubular capillaries_** returning it --\> **_blood system_**
76
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)
- **_Reabsorbs water/solutes_**
77
Distal Convoluted Tubule
- In **_renal cortex_** - **_Removes K+ and H+_** from **_pertiubular capillaries_** --\> **_tubular fluid_**
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