What are the two types of aggression?
- Proactive Aggression
- Reactive Aggression
These types differentiate between aggression that is planned versus that which is a reaction to a provocation.
What is the Common Knowledge Effect?
The tendency for group discussions to focus on information that is shared by all group members
This can lead to poor decision-making as unique information may be overlooked.
Define Group Polarization.
The phenomenon where group discussion enhances the group’s prevailing attitudes
This can lead to more extreme positions being adopted.
What is Groupthink?
A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
This can result in poor decisions as dissenting viewpoints are suppressed.
What is Deindividuation?
A psychological state characterized by reduced self-awareness and decreased concern for social evaluation
This often occurs in group settings and can lead to impulsive or deviant behavior.
What is the Bystander Effect?
The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present
This is often attributed to diffusion of responsibility.
What are the components of Attribution Theory?
- External Causes
- Internal Causes
This theory explains how individuals interpret events and behaviors.
What is the Norm of Reciprocity?
The social norm that suggests people should return favors and kindness
This principle underlies many social interactions and relationships.
What is Central-Route Persuasion?
A method of persuasion that involves careful and thoughtful consideration of the arguments presented
This is often contrasted with peripheral-route persuasion.
What are the three reasons why people fail to seek treatment for psychological disorders?
- Stigma
- Lack of knowledge
- Financial barriers
These factors can prevent individuals from accessing necessary mental health care.
What is Eclecticism in psychotherapy?
An approach that combines techniques from different therapeutic schools of thought
This allows therapists to tailor treatment to the individual needs of clients.
What is Systematic Desensitization?
A behavioral therapy technique used to reduce anxiety responses through gradual exposure to feared stimuli
This technique is often used in treating phobias.
What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia?
- Positive Symptoms
- Negative Symptoms
Positive symptoms include hallucinations and delusions, while negative symptoms involve a lack of emotion or motivation.
What is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?
A type of psychotherapy that focuses on changing unhelpful cognitive distortions and behaviors
CBT is effective for a variety of psychological disorders.
What are the major classifications of psychological disorders?
- Anxiety Disorders
- Mood Disorders
- Personality Disorders
- Schizophrenia
These classifications help in diagnosing and treating mental health issues.
What is Altruism?
The selfless concern for the well-being of others
Altruistic behavior can be motivated by empathy or social norms.
What is the Diathesis-Stress Model?
A psychological theory that explains the onset of mental disorders as a result of the interaction between predispositional vulnerabilities and stress from life experiences
This model highlights the importance of both genetic and environmental factors.
