1
Q
Are antifungals bacteriostatics or bactericidal
A
Bacteriostatic
2
Q
What are examples of infections that azoles are fungicidal against
A
Histoplasma and blastomyces
3
Q
What drugs are found in the class of azoles
A
Intraconazole, ketoconazole, fluconazole, and voriconazole
4
Q
What is another name for intraconazole
A
Itrafungol
5
Q
What are other names for fluconazole
A
Diflucan and viaflex
6
Q
What are examples of things terbinafines are used for
A
Yeast dermatitis and otitis in SA
7
Q
What is the only antifungal that has a unique possible side affect and what is that side affect
A
Ketoconazole can cause infertility in male dogs
8
Q
What is the only antifungal that only has a possible side affect of GI signs
A
Fluconazole
9
Q
What antifungal can only be given IV
A
Amphotericin B
10
Q
What is the only antifungal that is fungiastatic
A
Nystatin
11
Q
What are nociceptors
A
Pain receptors
12
Q
How can nociceptors be stimulated
A
Mechanical, thermal, or chemical
13
Q
What are the different types of pathological pain that can be felt
A
Origin: visceral, somatic, and neuropathic
Duration: acute or chronic
Severity: mild, moderate, and severe
14
Q
What are types of somatic pain
A
May be superficial (sharp from skin) or deep (dull/aching from muscle, periosteum, tendon, and joint)
15
Q
How is pathologic pain classified by origin
A
Injury to CNS or PNS
16
Q
What is acute pain
A
Tissue damage or threat of damage (adaptive pain)
17
Q
What is chronic pain
A
Persists beyond normal healing or associated w/ progressive disease where healing has not occurred, there is progressive disconnect between the lesion and the pain being perceived, and alters pain transmission system such that pain is facilitated/amplified
18
Q
When does the sympathetic nervous system get stimulated when in pain
A
Chronic or severe pain causes an emotional aspect
19
Q
What is pre-emptive analgesia
A
Used before tissue damage
20
Q
What are the types of pain management used
A
Pre-emptive and multimodal
21
Q
What are multimodal pain managment stratagies
A
Medication including NSAIDs, weight control, exercise and physical therapy, nutrceuticals, and adjunct therapy
22
Q
What are cardinal signs of inflammation
A
Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function
23
Q
What are the goals of inflammation
A
Remove or wall off the causes of injury and repair or replace damaged tissue
24
Q
What are the 4 steps of pain
A
Transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception
25
Where does transduction occur
Nociceptors
26
Where does transmission occur
To the CNS by afferent neurons
27
What are the two types of transmission
Type C and type A delta fibers
28
What are type C fibers
Unmyelinated that are dull poorly localized pain
29
What are type A delta fibers
myelinated that is sharp localized pain
30
Where does modulation occur
Spinal cord w/ suppression or amplification
31
Where does perception occur
Travels to cerebral cortex via thalamus
32
What is wind up pain
Due to repeat or highly intense nociceptive impulses that is progressive and increasing excitability of spinal neurons consisting of hyperalgesia and allodynia
33
What is hyperalgesia
Less stimulation needed to cause pain sensation
34
What is allodynia
Nerve fibers that carry non-pain information are recruitied to carry pain information
35
What does wind up pain lead to
Leads to non-responsive or chronic intractable pain
36
What are examples of wind up pain
Dachshund w/ IVDD and cocker spaniel w/ horrid otitis
37
How is wind up pain treating
Pre-emptive analgesics and administration of adequate analgesia early in the pain process
38
What can be used to treat wind up pain
NSAIDs, gabapentin, and NMDA receptor agonists (perioperative ketamine CRI and oral amantadine)
39
How does gabapentin treat wind up pain
Inhibits release of excitatory neurotransmitters
40
What does NMDA receptor agonist do to treat wind up pain
Stimulate opioid receptors
41
How is transduction treated
Inhibit peripheral sensitization of nociceptors can be done w/ local anesthetics, opioids, NSAIDs, and corticosteriods
42
How is transmission treated
Inhibit impulse conduction can be done w/ local anesthetics and alpha agonists
43
How is perception treated
Anesthetics, opioids, alpha agonists, benzodiazepines, and phenothiazines
44
How is the modulation of the spinal pathway treated
Inhibit central sensitization this can be done w/ local anesthetics, opioids, alpha agonists, tricyclic antidepressants, cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA antagonists, NSAIDs, and anticonvulsants
45
How is an RVT involved in providing sound analgesia
The patient's advocate by identifying the signs of pain (present or progressive), whats been done, options to fill the gap, pre-emptive medication, and feedback on efficiency/efficacy
46
How is sound analgesia providing
Anticipate pain, be sensitive to subtle signs, give w/o requiring proof of pain, and tailor protocol in individual
47
What are physiologic responses to acute pain
The hypothalamus secretes CRH and stimulation of the SNS
48
What results from the hypothalamus secretes CRH in response to acute pain
Pituitary gland secretes ACTH and adrenal cortex secretes cortisol
49
What does stimulation of the SNS in response to acute pain result in
Mydriasis, increased BP and HR, increased respiratory rate/depth, pilo-erection, increased muscle tone, and sweating
50
What are the two types of analgesia used
Non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic
51
What is symbiosis
A mutually beneficial relationship between different individuals
52
What are parasitiasis
Parasites are present but the patient is subclinical
53
What is parasitosis
Parasite present and the patient is clinical
54
What is the medical term for an abundance of ectoparasites
Infestation
55
What is the medical term of an abundance of endoparasites
Infection
56
What are the different types of symbiosis
Mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, competition, predation, and neutralism
57
What is mutualism
Both benefit in a relationship
58
What is commensalism
One benefits and the other is unaffected in a relationship
59
What is parasitism
One benefits and the other is harmed in a relationship
60
What is competition
Neither benefits from a relationship
61
What is predation
One benefits and the other dies in a relationship
62
What is neutralism
Both are unaffected relationship
63
What are vermicides
Death
64
What is vermifuge
Paralysis
65
How do benzimidazoles affect worms
Interfere w/ metabolism
66
What are benzimidazoles
Fenbendazole, albendazole, and febantel
67
What is fenbendazole found in
Panacur and safeguard
68
What is albendazole found in
Valbazen
69
What is febantel found in
Drontal plus
70
What are tetrahydropyrimidines
Pyrantel pamoate and morantel tartrate
71
What is pyrantel pamoate found in
Strongid, nemex, heartgard plus, drontal, and drontal plus
72
What is morantel tartrate found in
Rumatel
73
What are uncommon side effects of tetrahydropyrimidines
Increased respiration, sweating, and incoordination
74
What is an imidazaothiazoles
Levamisole (prohibit)
75
How do avermectins affect the worms
Breakdown neurotransmission
76
What is ivermectin found in
Heartgard plus, ivomec, iverheart max, and zimecterin
77
What signalment should ivermectin not be used in
Collies w/ MDR1 defect
78
What is moxidectin found in
Quest, cydectin, proheart, and advantage multi
79
What is doramectin found in
Dectomax
80
What is eprinomectin found in
Eprinex and longrange
81
What is praziquantel found in
Droncit, drontal, drontal plus, and profender
82
What are side effects to praziquantel
GI signs
83
What is bunamidine found in
Scolaban
84
What are side effects of bunamidine
GI signs and lethargy
85
What is epsiprantel found in
Cestex
86
What is clorsulon found in
Curatrem, baymec gold, and ivomec plus
87
What are antitrematodal drugs
Clorsulon, fenbendazole, and albendazole
88
What are anticestodals
Praziquantels, bunamidine, and episprantel
89
What are antinematodals
Benzimidazoles, tetrahydropyrimidines, imidazaothiazoles, and avermectins
90
What are topical antiparasitic solutions
Emodepside/praziquantel
91
What can emodepside/praziquantel be found in
Profendor and centragard
92
What do topical solutions antiparasitics work against
Hooks, rounds, and tapes
93
What antiprotozoal drugs are used for coccidia
Monensin (rumensin), lasalocid (bovatec), ponazuril (marquis), amprolium (corid and amprid), and sulfadimethoxine (albon)
94
What antiprotozoal drugs are used for giardia
Metronidazole (flagyl), fenbendazole (panacur and safeguard), febantel (drontal plus), and albendazole (valbazen)
95
What are side effects of antiprotozoals used against giardia
GI signs and neuro signs
96
What antiprotozoals are used against babesia
Atovaquone, diminazene, and imidocarb
97
What are side effects of antiprotozoal
Injection site pain, salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, restlessness, and diarrhea
98
What parasite has an endosymbiont relationship w/ heartworms
Wolbacia spp
99
Why do we give doxycycline
To treat the wolbachia
100
What are disease syndromes of heartworms
Asysmptomatic, congestive heart failure, caval syndrome, and HARD
101
What does a 4dx test indicate
That there are adult female worms present
102
What type of drug is melarsomine dihydrochloride
An adultacide
103
What are brands of melarsomine dihydrochloride
Immiticide and diroban
104
What are examples of microfilaricides
Ivermectin, selamectin, milbemycin, moxidectin
105
What is selamectin found in
Revolution plus
106
What is milbemycin oxime found in
Interceptor plus, sentinel spectrum, and trifexis
107
What are side effects of ivermectin
Mydriasis, ataxia, and depression
108
What are side effects of selamectin
Transient localized alopecia
109
What are the steps of treating heartworm
Start heartworm prevention, doxy for a month, 3 melarsomine injections, pain meds, and steroids in dogs
110
What is fipronil found in
Frontline
111
Between fipronil, imidacloprid, and imidacloprid/permethrin which is larvicide and adulticide
Imidaclopride/permethrin
112
What is imidacloprid found in
Advantage
113
What is imidacloprid/permethrin found in
Advantix
114
What is lufenuron found in
Sentinel and program
115
What is indoxacarb found in
Activyl
116
What is afoxolaner found in
Nexgard
117
What is sarolaner found in
Simparica trio
118
What are side effects of afoxolaner
GI signs should not be used in pets w/ seizures
119
What are side effects of sarolaner
GI signs and seizures
120
What are side effects of lotilaner
Weight loss, elevated BUN, increased urination, and diarrhea
121
Why can't dog flea/tick products be used in cats
Because cats have an altered liver glucuronidation metabolism making them more susceptible to pyrethrin toxicosis so they are sensitive to permethrin
122
What is spinosad found in
Comfortis
123
What is spinetoram found in
Cheristin
124
How can cats that were exposed to dog flea/tick topical products be treated
Wash it off and possibly give methocarbamol to control clinical signs
125
What are organophosphates
Group of insecticides that inactivate acetylcholinesterase by persistently activating the acetylcholine receptors
126
What are indications of organophosphate toxicity
SLUDDE, muscle tremors, and seizures
127
What does SLUDDE mean
Salivation, lacrimation, urination, defection, dyspnea, and emesis
128
What can't organophosphates be combined w/
Carbamates and phenothiazine derivatives
129
What monthly flea/tick products can't be used in cats
Permethrin, pyrethrins/synthetic pyrethroids, and organophosphates
130
What is the relationship between NSAIDs and opioids
GI upset, ulceration, and bleeding
131
What are other possible side effects of using NSAIDs
Hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, inhibition of cartilage metabolism, bone marrow suppression, and decreased platelet aggregation
132
Where are NSAIDs metabolized
The liver
133
How are NSAIDs excreted
Urine or bile
134
What are affects of NSAIDs
Antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antithrombotic
135
What do NSAIDs do
Inhibit COX in the arachidonic acid pathway
136
What are COX-1 NSAIDs
Physiologic prostaglandins that inhibit leads to reduced renal blood flow, bleeding, and GI ulceration
137
What are contraindications of NSAIDs
GI signs, renal disease, hepatic disease, hypotension, hypovolemia, dehydration or other cause of shock, concurrent use of another NSAID, concurrent use of steriod, and coagulopathy or other bleeding disorder
137
What are COX-2 NSAIDs
Induced by tissue injury/inflammation that inhibit leads to anti inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic
138
What are salicylates found in
Aspirin
139
What are non specific COX inhibitors
Salicylates, phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, diclofenac sodium, and propionic acid derivatives
140
What is phenylbutazone found in
Bute
141
What are forms of salicylates are there for dogs and livestock
Bolus, granules, and tablets
142
What are forms of phenylbutazone for horses and sometimes dogs
Tablets, paste granules, and injectable
143
What are side effects of salicylates
GI bleeds
144
What are side effects of phenylbutazone
GI bleeds, anorexia, and bone marrow suppression
145
What are flunixin meglumine found in
Banamine and flunixamine
146
What are forms of flunixin meglumine used in livestock
Paste and injectable
147
What is flunixin meglumine used for in horses
Visceral pain, fever reduction, and anti inflammatory
148
Why don't we give flunixin meglumine to horses IM
Clostridial myositis
149
What is diclofenac sodium found in
Surpass
150
What is topical diclofenac sodium used for in horses
Ophthalmic formulation for uveitis in various species
151
What are propionic acid derivatives
Ketoprofen (ketofen) for horses and ibuprofen
152
What are selective COX-2 inhibitors
Propionic acid derivatives (carprofen), etodolac, deracoxib, firocoxib, meloxicam, and robenacoxib
153
What is carprofen found in
Rimadyl and novox
154
What is oral etodolac off label used for
Arthritic dogs
155
What are side effects of etodolac
GI signs and KCS
156
What are side effects of deracoxib and carprofen
GI signs, renal, and hepatic
157
What are side effects in firocoxib
GI signs and excitation in horses
158
What are side effects of meloxicam
GI signs w/ a black box warning in US for cats
159
What is dimethyl sulfoxide found in
Synotic and domosol
160
What are forms of dimethyl sulfoxide that can be given to horses, dogs, and cats
IV or topical
161
What is acetaminophen found in
Tylenol and paracetamol
162
What can acetaminophen cause in cats
Methemoglobinemia and hepatic necrosis
163
When is acetaminophen used in dogs
Hospice or multimodal
164
What can IV buscopan be used in horses
Abdominal pain
165
What can buscopan IV cause in horses
Tachycardia
166
What does grapiprant do in dogs
Non-steroidal and non-cox-inhibitng anti inflammatory that selectively antagonizes prostaglandin receptors reducing pain/inflammation
167
What is polysulfated glycosaminoglycans found in
Adequan
168
What species can adequan be used in
Horses, dogs, and cats
169
What is hyaluronate sodium used in
Equine arthritis medication such as legend and hyvisc
170
What is injectable hyaluronate sodium used for in horses
Synovitis and arthritis
171
What are mineralcorticoids used for
Regulate electrolyte and water balance used to treat hypoadrenocorticism
172
What do glucocorticoids block
Phospholipase
173
What do glucocorticoids do for inflammation
Inhibit production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, more effective anti inflammatory than NSAIDs, and no direct antipyretic or analgesic effect
174
What are glucocorticoids used to treat
Inflammatory, pruritic, immune mediated disease, shock, laminitis, anorexia, adrenal insufficiency, lymphoid tumors, and immunosuppression
175
What are adverse effects of corticosteriods
PU/PD, polyphagia, weight gain, muscle wasting, thinning of skin, delayed wound healing, iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism, iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism (if chronic therapy is suddenly stopped), gastric ulcers, bleeding, osteoporosis, and abnormal behavior
176
What are contraindications for corticosteroids
Topical treatment in corneal ulcers, concurrent treatment w/ NSAIDs, concurrent treatment w/ steroid, concurrent hyperadrenocorticism, some wounds/injury/infection, heart disease in cats, diabetic patients, laminitis in horses, and current GI signs
177
What are injectable corticosteroids
Dexamethasone, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, desoxycorticosterone, betamethasone, flumethasone, isoflupredone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, and triamcinolone
178
What is desoxycorticosterone found in
Percorten-V and zycortal
179
What is desoxycorticosterone used to treat
Hypoadrenocorticism
180
What is isoflupredone found in
Predef
181
What brand of injectable is methylprednisolone found in
Depo-medrol
182
What injectable brands are trimcinolone found in
Vetalog and kenalog
183
What are oral corticosteroids
Dexamethasone, fludrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prednisone, prednisolone, and trimcinolone
184
What is fludrocortisone used to treat
Hypoadrenocorticism
185
What brand of oral meds is methylprednisolone found in
Medrol tablets
186
What oral brand is prednisolone found in
Temaril-P
187
What oral brand is triamcinolone found in
Vetalog
188
What are topical corticosteroids
Animax ointment, corticalm lotion, gentocin spray, gentocin otic solution, panalog cream, neo predef powder, otomax, and relief HC spray
189
What are side effects of cyclosporine
Decreased appetite, thicker fur/calluses, and does not suppress bone marrow cells
190
What are side effects of oclacitinib
GI signs
191
What is the brand name for oclacitinib
Apoquel
192
What is the brand name of ilunocitinib
Zenrelia
193
What is a side effect of ilunocitinib
Non regenerative anemia
194
What are uses for a physiologic steroid dose
Addison's
195
What is a medium steriod dose used for
Anti-inflammatory for IVDD and atopy/allergies
196
What is immunomodulatory steroid dose used for
Antineoplastic and for IMHA
197
What is the difference between opioid and opiate
AN opiate is a drug naturally derived from the opium poppy while the opioid is a compound attached to the opioid receptors that can be partially or fully synthetic
198
What are opiates
Morphine, heroin, and codeine
199
What are the two main opioid receptors
MU and kappa agonists
200
What do MU receptors do
For pain regulating areas of the brain and GIT providing moderate to heavy analgesia
201
What are kapp receptors
Affecting the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, and some peripheral sensory neurons providing mild to moderate analgesia
202
What are side effects of MU agonists
Euphoria, respiratory depression, physical dependence, and hypothermia
203
What are side effects of kappa agonists
Sedation, depression, and miosis
204
What are pure agonists
Strong affinity for binding to receptor sites and high efficancy these are extremely effective
205
What are partial agonists
Strong affinity for binding to receptor sites and lower efficacy than pure agonists
206
What are pure antagonists
High affinity for binding but zero efficacy that blocks agonists
207
What are mixed agonists-antagonists
Act as an agonists at 1 site w/ full effect and act as antagonists at another blocking the effect
208
What opioid pure agonists affects are cats more prone to
Excitatory effects
209
What brands is lokivetmab found in
Cytopoint and CADI
210
What is the method of action of cytopoint
Monoclonal antibody against interleukin 31 preventing the itch signal from triggering the brain
211
What is the method of action of apoquel
Inhibits janus kinase (JAK1 selective) suppressing the pro inflammatory itch causing cytokines
212
What is the method of action of zenrelia
Non-selective JAK inhibitor that results in an inadequate immune response to any vaccines
Vet Tech 3
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