1
Q
imperialism
A
A policy of controlling overseas land/people
2
Q
nationalism
A
Extreme pride in one’s country, belief that your nation is the best
3
Q
militarism
A
When countries maintain large armies/navies thinking military force resolves issues
4
Q
conscription
A
A law put in place for the obligated enlistment of people in WWI
5
Q
triple alliance
A
Germany, Austria/Hungary, Italy
6
Q
enemy aliens
A
Immigrants that come from the enemy’s country/a country that is participating in the war.
7
Q
war measures act
A
It was a law that gave the federal government sweeping powers to deal with the kind of emergency situation if forced to in World War I. It also gave the government to pass laws without the Parliament’s approval while Canada was at war.
8
Q
triple entente
A
Russia, France, Great Britain
9
Q
stalemate
A
When neither side can advance or progress in a war
10
Q
Francis Pegahmagabow
A
Most highly decorated for bravery in Canadian military history. He was indigenous and was a deadly sniper. Got his first solo win finishing with 378 kills in WWI.
11
Q
battle of ypres
A
Belgium, apr. 22 - May 5 1915 – defensive battle
- germans sent in chlorine gas to the french
- french troops vacated the trenches bc they didn’t have gas masks (eventually used urine soaked cloth as mask)
- Canadians created new defensive line and took France’s place
- Canadians were left alone to hold up their line
- Canada proved they could hold their own
12
Q
battle of somme
A
France, sept. 15 - nov 11 1916 – offensive battle
- Canada bombarded Germany hoping to wipe them out
- germans waited it out for Canadians to pass more than half way of no mans land
- germans fired and killed many of our allies
- Canadian troops kept sending soldiers
- Canadian allies lost many ppl
- germans won, Canada backed down
(blood bath)
- lots of criticism on how battles should be fought
- new strategies were developed
13
Q
battle of vimy ridge
A
- The Germans had occupied the ridge since early in the war
- The French and British forces had tried unsuccessfully to capture the ridge in previous attacks
- The British commanders, together with Canadian commander Arthur Currie, came up with a plan that was to be carried out by the Canadians
- This would be the first time all the Canadian troops would fight together in battle.
they won but many canadians died
14
Q
what is creeping barrage
A
A time based plan when artillery explosions and smoke would be used as cover to advance
- used in the Battle of Somme
15
Q
importance of vimy ridge
A
It was the first time that Canadians fought for king and country as a distinct national army, with all four divisions of the Canadian Corps entering the battle together.
16
Q
Battle of Passchendaele
A
October 1917 - Belgium
- Canadians called in based on their success at Vimy
- Canadian commander Arthur Currie advised against it and said many canadians would die
- troops were abandoned without backup for the first part of the battle
(Canadians defeated germans)
17
Q
the last 100 days
A
aug 8 1918 - nov 11, 1918
- series of attacks against the heavily defended german lines in the west
- first battle in Amiens, France
- led by Canadians, they break thru the Hidenburg line
- germans are now in retreat
- known as Canada’s 100 days
- 100,000 Canadian men defeated 47 german divisions (1/4 of their army)
- Canadians suffer 20% of wartime casualties in this period
18
Q
armisitice
A
November 11th, 1918, 11th hour, everyone would cease fire and the war would have a pause/end. That’s when WWI ended.
19
Q
versailles conference
A
There was a peace conference and addressed the peace treaty that was supposed to end WWI. They had discussed the consequences for Germany.
- canada fought to get a seat and got one but couldn’t say anything
20
Q
billy bishop
A
- shot down 70 planes
- survived bloody April
- top flying ace of WWI
- credited 72 victories
21
Q
arthur currie
A
General Currie, was commander of the Canadian Corps, 1917. Many Canadians would say he’s their most respected general.
22
Q
archduke ferdinand
A
heir to the throne of Austria/hungary
23
Q
why did they kill archduke ferdinand
A
got shot by Gavrilo Princip of the ‘Blackhand’ of Serbia because at the time Austria/Hungary and Serbia were not on good terms and so by killing Ferdinand, Serbia would be able to take back their territory.
24
Q
versailles treaty
A
In the treaty, it had included to punish Germany and blamed the war on them
25
war guilt clause
The statement within the treaty of Versailles that addresses what Germany is responsible after starting WW1 and all the war damage they’ve caused. They would have to end up paying to compensate for war damage.
26
league of nations
The League of Nations was an international organization, created after the First World War to resolve international disputes and maintaining peace
- canada was a founding member
27
prohibtion
The alcohol ban (production, importation, transportation, sales, and consumption of alcohol) in the U.S. from 1920-1933.
28
bootleggers
individuals selling/making illegal alcohol
29
speakeasy
Secret nightclubs that had alcohol
30
flappers
1920, Drank, smoked, and drove cars. danced to jazz, wore short skirts
Flappers were different of the women of prior time periods because rather than strictly obey the degrading roles and behaviours laid out by society, flappers flaunted their disdain and disapproval of such rules, and lived a freer, more fun life.
31
kkk
In Canada, the Klan was against interracial marriages and what they had done to one couple was they raided downtown, right before they got the marriage license, had found them and had split up the family. Began in southern USA and had hated African Americans as they tortured and killed them. By the early 1920s, had spread to Canada. The KKK was a white supremacy group and preserved British heritage in Canada (most popular in the western provinces). Opposed those who were not white and Protestants (including French Canadians) Used violence and intimidation. Claimed that immigration was ruining the country.
32
residential schools
When they put the aboriginal boys and girls into a school where European teachers force the European culture upon them where the Indigenous culture would no longer exist and die. That was the goal. it was a “culture genocide.” They were abused and got harassed and assaulted. The result of this was they didn’t belong anywhere because they could no longer communicate with their family on the reserves but couldn’t go to the real world because of racism and discrimination.
33
winnipeg general strike
Members of Winnipeg’s building trade went on strike when their employers refused to negotiate a wage increase. It had closed factories, stores. Unemployment had increased but it had introduced workers to political involvement.
34
Women’s Christian Temperance Union
A group that was led by Nellie McClung and Louise McKinney (Members of the Famous Five) that opposed to alcohol being legal.
35
chinese exclusion act
They banned the entry of Chinese immigrants for 24 years. They were singled out ONLY because of their race. The four exceptions to the exclusion were students, merchants, diplomats and Canadian-born Chinese returning from education in China. It had split up families and the Chinese men that were living/working in Canada would not see their wives/children until they would visit them back in China. They were the breadwinners. Before they were taxed to come in.
36
spanish flu
The flu had originated from birds, it had carried over to pigs and humans. Soldiers had the flu from Europe and when they were wounded, they would come back to Canada and bring the flu with them. “It was a global pandemic.”
37
famous five
Five Albertan women that had initiated the Person’s Case law. The five had fought for women’s rights in Canada because before, their rights of women were appointed to the Senate and because of them, women are now considered people.
38
persons case
The famous Canadian constitutional case that gave women the right to be eligible to sit it the Senate of Canada. Women were also considered people
39
stock market crash
The collapse of stock prices which “resulted” into the Great Depression. It wasn’t really the cause of the Great Depression but people say it was.
40
relief
Camps that provided employment from the Government to help with the Great Depression. It was strictly for unemployed men.
41
credit buying
When citizens would “buy something” when they didn’t have the money at the time and would get charged with interest at a later date. (It was as if it was designed to create debt).
42
on to ottawa trek
It’s 1933, PM of Canada, Mackenzie King gets replaced by this dude named R.B. Bennett because the citizens of Canada are tired of “waiting out the depression.” Bennett creates a new plan of having a $30 million relief fund for the poor and for relief camps for unemployed single men. The people at the relief camps had “make work” projects made by the government. The conditions at the camp were really bad so the men working took it to their own hands and jumped on top of a train to Ottawa to clap Bennett’s cheeks and confront his booty. 2,000 men joined and Bennett was like “yo okay, fine fine stop the train, lemme meet with the striker leaders” and then got all of them arrested. Bennett just finessed. Then the trekkers/men weren’t happy so they were like “let’s riot in Regina”. Then Bennett was like “yo RCMP, clap their cheeks” so the RCMP raped them. Hundreds were injured, two were killed and bare people were injured. Then the trekkers went back to the camp. That fall, Mackenzie King was like “yo im back” and then Bennett caught an L. King was the PM again.
43
CCF (Cooperative Commonwealth Federation)
Political party that believes that democratic socialism would solve Canadian economic problems. They’ve renamed their party to the “New Democratic Party” and exists today.
44
statute of westminister
This was a law in Britain that had clarified what the Canadian Parliament had power over. It had also given Canada the choice of freedom
45
joseph stalin
Dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR/Russia in simpler terms) through the late 1920s to the early 1950s.
46
benito mussolini
Prime Minister of Italy through the 1920s to the 1940s.
47
adolf hitler
Adolf Hitler was a German politician and leader of the Nazi Party. During his dictatorship from 1933 to 1945, he initiated World War II in Europe by invading Poland in September 1939.
48
fascism
A political movement that developed after the First World War. Fascism revolves around the idea of authority and power. It’s usually nationalistic and non democratic where the government is seen as supreme.
49
holocaust
he mass murder of 6 million Jews by the Nazis and their collaborators during WWII.
50
British Commonwealth Air Training Plan
An agreement between Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain and Canada that was a plan to train Allied aircrews for WWII. (Pilots, Bomb Aimers, Wireless operators, Air gunners, and Flight engineers) The training grounds were located in Canada.
51
nuremburg laws
The anti-semitic and racial laws by Nazi Germany. The Nuremberg laws slowly put the Jews out of place in Germany and was a big part in the Holocaust process.
52
final solution
Final solution to persecuting Jews was to send them to death camps such as Auschwitz and kill them.
53
appeasement
Giving into someone’s demands in order to stop a behaviour or prevent future behaviour.
54
blitzkrieg
A new way of fighting that Hans Guderian (Germany) invented which surrounds the whole point of surprise and speed.
55
reoccupation of rhineland
Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles by sending German military forces into the Rhineland. The Rhineland was the land that Germany had lost in the terms from losing in World War I. The attack was made because it was during the Great Depression as no one wanted to fight so the League of Nations had to let it slide. Hitler had kept his promise to the German people and it showed that the European powers are weak.
56
corvettes
It is a small warship, the British used them against the Germans as anti-submarine escorts during the Battle of the Atlantic.
57
refusal of the s.s. st. louis
Refugee Jews were on this ship that was going into Cuba until Cuba had declined their visas so they weren’t allowed on but stopped on the dock. Canada didn’t do anything to solve the problem because Frederick Blair and Mackenzie King were against emigration. Blair was anti-semitic. The French Canadians were also against the Jews from coming into Canada. Eventually, they realized that they were unwelcome and had to come back to Europe until England, Belgium, France and maybe the Netherlands/Great Britain had claimed the refugees. It was the ones that landed in England that were completely safe.
58
non-aggression pact
It was the agreement between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (Russia) to not attack another. (That would not be the case as it gave Germany the element of surprise to attack them later)
59
munich agreement
It was the agreement between Germany, France, Great Britain, and Italy allowing Germany to reclaim the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. The agreement broke off any alliances France, Great Britain or Italy had with them.
60
wolfpacks
It was a naval tactic during the Atlantic War where they’d use U-boats (submarines) to intercept convoys by going underwater getting behind the convoy boats.
61
invasion of poland
The Germans had attacked Poland as Hitler thought it’d bring lebensraum “living space” to the German people. Hitler claimed it to be a defensive action but Britain and France weren’t convinced so they had declared war on Germany, starting World War II.
62
battle of britain
The Germans and British had clashed in the skies over the United Kingdom leading to the longest bombing campaign to that date. Germany had lost when they couldn’t gain superiority in the air even as they targeted the Royal Air Force’s air bases, military posts, and civilian population. They wanted for London to fear Germany with the devastation. Hitler had only wanted to fight to make peace with the British allies. Because Churchill was capable of preventing the Germans from making peace with British, Hitler had hated him so much.
63
battle of the atlantic
The Allies fought the Axis powers over the Atlantic Ocean. The Allies wanted it to use the Atlantic to resupply Great Britain and the Russians in their fight against the Germans and Italians. The Axis powers had to stop them. In the early battles, the Germans had used the tactic of the Wolfpacks, sinking convoys with torpedoes. The war would favour the Allies when they would use radars (SONAR) and underwater bombs (Hedgehogs) to take out the German U-boats. From here on, the U.S. was able to ship supplies to Great Britain including the large supply of soldiers and weapons needed for the Normandy Invasion. The control of the Atlantic had a major impact, keeping Britain supplied helped to keep the Germans from taking over all of Western Europe.
64
manhattan project
This was the research and development of nuclear and atomic weapons led by the United States. It was this group that was behind the first atomic bomb.
65
dieppe raid
The objective of the raid was to force the Germans to pull some of their army away from Russia and to see if they could capture a part.
This was also a secret mission to capture The Enigma Machine. They had used surprise attacks in the sea. The Canadians had made up most of the troops sailing to Dieppe. The outcome was a total disaster. There were problems with timing, landing sites, and terrain. About 900 soldiers died and many were taken as a prisoner of war..
66
d-day
This was the attack of the five beaches by the Allies. The thing about attacking the beaches was that the Germans had set mines in the water so the Allies had to be aware of when to attack which is why timing was critical. (High tides - boats avoid mines, low tides - soldiers must run across the beach facing the Belgian gates and hedgehogs.) The Allies won using surprise, using the diversion to Calais, speed, putting all forces going out at once, and chaos and confusion, have resistance destroying communications and roads that day. (Blitzkrieg) Some success can be attributed to the General staying at home meaning that he couldn’t give orders at the beaches. The weather was also really good. The RCAF also helped by attacking German beach targets which helped Operation Overlord run a little smoother. The whole invasion was a risk, as if they were defeated, the troops that were leftover would not be removed to safety.
67
defense of hong kong
This was when Britain was at war with Japan and because Hong Kong was under the British colony, they knew that the Japanese would come to attack them. They had sent troops to defend the island meanwhile the Canadians had volunteered to go and made up almost the entire troops. Hong Kong fell quickly. Canada refused to give up unless ordered to surrender by high command. The result was that the Canadians were either killed or captured as prisoners of war (pow)
68
camp x
The secret spy training school in Whitby, Ontario that the British used to put spies behind the enemy lines to intercept communication between the enemies.
(e.g. Using morse code)
69
bombing of pearl harbour
This was when the Japanese Air Force had laid a surprise attack on the U.S. Navy in Pearl Harbour (Hawaii). Hundreds of Japanese planes and bombers flew in Pearl Harbour and attacked. They destroyed many ships and killed many soldiers. It was this attack that forced the United States to enter World War II. The United States had to declare war on the Japanese for this attack.
- led to internment camps because they thought that japanese people were a risk to their safety
70
japanese internment
In Canada, 23,000 Japanese lives were affected. People were taken from their homes where it had taken place for over a span of 7 years. It was because of the Japanese Pearl Harbour bombing that they hadn’t let the Japanese in. What the Canadians did to the Japanese is that they had isolated them into internment camps. The Japanese had gotten sick from the camps, had no food, housing, education, or medicine. The Canadians were racist as they feared the Japanese and thought they were suspicious of doing something in Canada.
71
liberation of the netherlands
Liberation of the Netherlands - The Netherlands were under bondage for five years occupied by the Germans. It was the Canadian forces that were given the task to liberate the Dutch. The Canadians had captured Antwerp during the Battle of the Scheldt to free the large river that connected the port to the open sea. They used this port to clear up northern and western Netherlands of Germans to send food supplies.
72
v-e day
Victory in Europe day, the day that the fighting in Europe ended in the Second World War.
73
the bombing of hiroshima/nagaski
The bombing was by the United States that was forcing the Japanese to surrender. It was also revenge for the Pearl Harbour attack. The effect it had on the Japanese was horrendous. It was basically an experiment done on human beings, being the first atomic bomb to be used in a war. It had a radioactive result on the Japanese that drank the water from the sky making diseases. The Japanese eventually surrendered.
74
NATO
(Democratic Side)
| USA, Canada, Great Britain, West Germany, and Western Europe
75
red scare
The fear of communism spreading.
76
Igor Gouzenko
russian cipher clerk in ottawa who had encoded his communication to moscow and got caught by MIS spies and got to live in Canada due to helping Canada gain classified information
77
Africville 1800-1960s
- african canadian village created after the city of Halifax segregated and removed the black community from their living rights
- african Canadians were treated minimally and were given less access to resources
- This is significant because canada learned to get rid of segregation and be equally given to both cultures
78
warsaw pact
(Communist Side/east side)
| USSR/Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany, and Eastern Europe
79
containment
The desire to keep Communism from spreading to democratic nations.
80
cold war
State of political hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union. (USSR)
It was never an open conflict between both superpowers. (USA and USSR basically flexed on each other to see who’s better,
81
berlin wall
A guarded concrete barrier that physically divided Berlin, built by the East Germany.
82
communism
A political theory developed by Karl Marx where property is publicly owned and each person is paid by their personal abilities and needs.
83
capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
84
m.a.d.
mutually assured destruction
| - this principle kept the cold war conflicts to "limited" wars between smaller states
85
Diefenbunker
Canada’s Cold War Museum (near Ottawa). It was essentially an underground bunker that’s supposed to withstand a nuclear blast.
86
bomb shelters
A shelter that protects you from a bomb.
87
duck and cover
A fun way to protect yourself just in case of a bombing. The American government made Duck and cover made civilians not worry if it were to happen because the last you’d want is worried citizens.
88
iron curtain
The name for the boundaries of Europe, dividing East from West that Russia had built
- dividing communism and capitalism
89
viola desmond
Viola Irene Desmond was a Canadian civil rights activist and businesswoman of Black Nova Scotian descent. In 1946 she challenged racial segregation at a cinema by refusing to leave a whites-only area of a theatre.
90
the sexual revolution
- A social movement of sexual liberation and changing gender roles
- The sexual revolution changed sexuality and gender roles for the better
- It also saw increased sexuality in teens, a dramatic increase in divorce rates, and a decrease in marriage rates during the period
- The movement challenges traditional roles of women and codes of behaviour related to sexuality and relationships in Canada
- New technologies like the birth control pill and legal abortions allowed women to have more control over their bodies
91
trudeau's "just society"
- The Just Society will be one in which our Indian and Inuit populations will be encouraged to assume the full rights of citizenship through policies which will give them both greater responsibility for their own future and more meaningful equality of opportunity
- This is significant because this way, people will be treated with respect, everyone will have a free education and equal opportunity to everyone as well as many more things
92
october crisis
- FLQ kidnapped James Richard Cross & threatened to kill him unless he released prisoners and got their manifesto read on tv
- quebec gov't allowed manifesto on tv
- few days later, FLQ kidnapped Pierre LaPorte which made ppl think that FLQ was really powerful
- put pressure on young premier who turned to ottawa for help
- thousands of ppl gathered to show support for FLQ
- trudeau invoked war measures act (suspended basic civil rights)
- pierre laporte was found dead which made ppl not support FLQ as much
Significant because it separated more cultural groups and created tension between canadian minority groups. Other Canadians feared going into that territory and there was a division in Canada which caused difficulties in making important decisions
93
the white paper
- Was a Canadian Government policy created which Abolishes the Indian Acts, treaties and other legal documents.
- With this, the policy proposed an Aboriginal the choice to adapt or assimilate by choice into Canadian society as a Canadian citizen and live in an equal society to remove the socio economic problems of the Aboriginals.
94
suez crisis
- Britain, France, and Israel invade Egypt to recapture the Suez Canal, and fearing a Soviet response, Canada and U.S.A respond
- It was the site of the first ever peacekeeping mission, which was a Canadian bred idea, and pushed Canada’s identity as a peaceful country.
95
avro arrow
- The Avro Arrow was designed to attack enemy planes and bombers, also to extent nuclear attacks.
- In February 1959, the project was cancelled by Prime Minister John Diefenbaker due to how powerful it was at that time compared to the U.S.
- This project proved how strong Canada was in technology at that time.
96
the korean war
- Canada was sent to help South Korea fight for their peace and freedom
- This was one of the beginnings to Canada building a reputation to helping other countries in time of need
- It was also a place for building strong connection with other countries, proving that Canada wasn’t Britain’s little child anymore
97
expo 67
- It is the World’s biggest Exhibition to date involving more than 150 countries along with 50 million visitors worldwide, it was based on future advancements which got the World really excited.
- This introduced Canada’s technological and structural advancements to the World which led to Canada having a better image of itself to the nations.
98
quebec referendum
- Both referendums had regarded Quebec’s sovereignty and independence where from the results, can be seen that the Quebecois wanted to be separated but lost in the vote by a margin of only 1%.
- This event is significant because the Quebecois proved to the rest of Canada they each have distinct societies
99
Roberta Bondar
- Roberta Bondar flew on Mission STS-42, making her the first Canadian woman and the first neurologist in space
- Being the first Canadian woman is space, Roberta showed that women could accomplish just as much as men and this gave women a better rep kinda?
100
oka crisis
- 78 day standoff between Mohawk protestors and Canadian army
- Mohawk tried to prove their rights to access to their land
- Their rights were ignored and their property was taken and used to make a golf course
101
james bay agreement
- An agreement between the Crown and the Indigenous where they distributed land for each others needs
- This event is significant as this was the first time that the government actually listened to the First Nations people.
102
newfoundland joins confederation
- After paying off their debt to Britain from WW1 and the depression, Newfoundland had to decide if they were going to self govern their country, or join Canada to become the 10th province.
- Canada was shaped by this event by finally getting its 10th province which now provides bountiful fishing and natural resource industry and Canada achieved the dreams of being a nation that stretches ocean to ocean
103
baby boom
- Birth rates boomed following the end of the second world war creating a twenty-year bulge in population
- The large increase in birth rates was due to improving economic conditions and a trend toward larger families.
- The baby boomers have greatly shaped Canada’s economy and will continue to have lasting effects on not only the economy but society, as they enter their twilight years.
- During the lifespan of the boomers, Canada has seen big changes to the economy and lifestyle, which have redefined this generation's approach to age and retirement
- As the boomers retire, they will be leaving many jobs that require specialized skills empty and difficult to fill.
104
NAFTA
- NAFTA stands for North American Free Trade Agreement. It was a barrier-free trade agreement among Canada, the United States and Mexico. These countries are in North America, hence the name North American Free Trade Agreement. Its main purpose was the elimination of trade and investment barriers among its member countries.
Implications: Nafta had positive impact on the Canadian economy. It opened new export opportunities, acted as a stimulus to build internationally competitive businesses and helped attract foreign investments. It showed too that Canada is a resilient country and a very good international negotiator.
105
iranian hostage crisis
The Canadian Caper Rescue was the popular name given to the joint rescue of Canada and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of freeing six American diplomats who had evaded capture in the seizure of the US embassy in Tehran, Iran on November 4, 1979.
Implications to Canada: This rescue placed Canada in international stage by showcasing Canada’s strong tactical skills and courage.
106
points system
- The points system was put in place to rank potential immigrants for eligibility into Canada. This system would classify people based on work skills, education levels, and language ability (in speaking French or English
Canada’s immigration would no longer focus on or use race, colour, and nationality as factors.
- This shows Canada’s improvement of social attitudes towards ethnic minorities and that Canada was now looking to use factors that would contribute to Canada’s economy and population.
107
montreal massacre
- The final day of classes at Montreal’s École Polytechnique a man, Marc Lepine went into a classroom with an assault rifle and shot and killed 14 women and injured 13 others before killing himself.
- Anti-feminist people and the feeling and actions of violence against women; there wasn’t enough media attention on women’s experience with male violence. This resulted in the Coalition of Gun Control being founded by a professor from Ryerson University and a student who hid during the shooting.
108
operation yellow ribbon
- This was an operation that Canada started in order to land most of Jetliners in the air after the US airgrid was on a lockdown leaving all planes having no place to land.
- Project Yellow Ribbon was of the biggest opportunities for Canada to gain its respect and stand by the side of the US which really boosted Canada’s reputation in front of the World.
109
vietnamese boat people
- Many Vietnamese people escape from communism using boats earning them the name “boat people”
- Canada welcomed the Vietnamese people and had a private funding system unlike any other in the world
- Showed that Canada’s immigration policies were advancing as well as portrays the nation as welcoming and non-discriminatory
History - Grade 10
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