1
Q
How many bones in the foot?
A
26 bones
2
Q
How many phalanges in the foot?
A
14 phalanges
3
Q
How many tarsals in the foot?
A
7 tarsals
4
Q
How many metatarsals in the foot?
A
5 metatarsals
5
Q
What are the essential projections of the toes
A
- Anteroposterior (AP) or AP axial
- AP oblique
- Lateral (mediolateral or lateromedial)
6
Q
What are the essential projections of the foot
A
- AP or AP axial
- AP oblique (medial rotation)
- AP oblique (lateral rotation)
- Lateral (mediolateral)
7
Q
What are the essential projections of the calcaneus
A
- Axial (plantodorsal)
* Lateral (mediolateral)
8
Q
What are the essential projections of the ankle
A
- AP
- Lateral (mediolateral)
- AP oblique Medial Rotation
- Ankle
- Mortise joint
- AP Oblique Lateral Rotation
- AP (stress)
9
Q
What are the essential projections of the intercondylar fossa
A
- PA Axial (Holmblad method)
- PA Axial (Camp-Coventry method)
- AP Axial (Beclere Method)
10
Q
What are the essential projections of the patella
A
- PA
- Lateral (mediolateral)
- Tangential (Settegast / Sunrise method)
- Patella and patellofemoral joint
11
Q
Which 4 projections require dorsiflexion?
A
- Lateral foot
- Axial Calcaneus
- Lateral Ankle
- AP Oblique Ankles + Mortise
12
Q
What the essential projections are for toes
A
- Anteroposterior (AP) or AP axial
- AP oblique
- Lateral (mediolateral or lateromedial)
13
Q
What the essential projections are for foot
A
- AP or AP axial
- AP oblique (medial rotation)
- AP oblique (lateral rotation)
- Lateral (mediolateral)
14
Q
What the essential projections are for calcaneus
A
- Axial (plantodorsal)
* Lateral (mediolateral)
15
Q
What the essential projections are for ankle
A
- AP
- Lateral (mediolateral)
- AP oblique Medial Rotation
- Ankle
- Mortise joint
- AP Oblique Lateral Rotation
- AP (stress)
16
Q
What the essential projections are for intercondylar fossa
A
- PA Axial (Holmblad method)
- PA Axial (Camp-Coventry method)
- AP Axial (Beclere Method)
17
Q
What the essential projections are for patella
A
- PA
- Lateral (mediolateral)
- Tangential (Settegast / Sunrise method)
- Patella and patellofemoral joint
18
Q
What is the degree of rotation of the leg/foot for the following?
- AP Oblique Toes = ?
- AP Oblique Ankles = ?
- AP Oblique Mortise = ?
- AP Oblique Foot Medial/Lateral Rotation = ?
A
- AP Oblique Toes = 30-45°
- AP Oblique Ankles = 45°
- AP Oblique Mortise = 15-20° medial
- AP Oblique Foot Medial/Lateral Rotation = plantar surface 30° from IR
19
Q
Where are the femoral epicondyles for the following projections?
- Lateral knee = ?
- Lateral lower leg = ?
- AP knee = ?
A
- Lateral knee = Femoral epicondyles perpendicular to IR
- Lateral lower leg = Femoral condyles perpendicular to IR
- AP knee = Femoral epicondyles parallel with IR
20
Q
Where is the patella for the following?
- AP knee = ?
- Oblique knee = ?
A
- AP knee = Patella completely superimposed on the femur
- Oblique knee = Margin of the patella projected slightly beyond the edge of the lateral/medial femoral condyle (respectively)
21
Q
How much should the knee be flexed?
- Lateral Patella = ?
- Lateral Knee = ?
A
- Lateral Patella = Knee flexed 5° to 10°
* Lateral Knee = Knee flexed 20° to 30°
22
Q
CR angles for the following projections?
- AP Axial Toes = ?
- AP Axial Foot = ?
- Lateral Knee = ?
- Axial (Plantodorsal) Calcaneus = ?
- PA Axial Camp-Coventry ICF = ?
- Tangential Patella (Settegast) ICF = ?
A
- AP Axial Toes = 15° posteriorly
- AP Axial Foot = 10° toward heel – including axial weight-bearing
- Lateral Knee = 5-7° cephalic
- Axial (Plantodorsal) Calcaneus = 40° cephalic
- PA Axial Camp-Coventry ICF = 40° cephalic
- Tangential Patella (Settegast) ICF = 15° to 20° cephalic
23
Q
Body part angles for the following projections?
- AP Oblique Ankle Medial/Lateral Rotation = ?
- AP Oblique Mortise joint = ?
- PA Patella = ?
- Lateral Patella = ?
A
- AP Oblique Ankle Medial/Lateral Rotation = Leg and foot rotated medially 45°
- AP Oblique Mortise joint = Leg and foot rotated medially 15° to 20°
- PA Patella = 5° to 10° lateral rotation of heel
- Lateral Patella = knee flexed 5° to 10°
24
Q
Body part angles for the following projections?
- PA Axial Holmblad = ?
- PA Axial Camp-Coventry = ?
- Lateral Knee = ?
- Oblique knee = ?
A
- PA Axial Holmblad = knee flexed 70° from full extension
- PA Axial Camp-Coventry = knee flexed 40° or 50°
- Lateral Knee = Knee flexed 20° to 30°
- Oblique knee = limb rotated 45°
25
What joint spaces are shown in the following projections?
* Ankle obliques = ?
* Knee obliques = ?
* Ankle obliques = Tibiofibular articulation open
| * Knee obliques = Open knee joint
26
What needs to be done to place the patella parallel for PA projection?
5° to 10° lateral rotation of heel to place the patella parallel for PA projection
27
Where does the CR go for the following projections?
* AP/AP axial/oblique toes = ?
* Lateral great toe = ?
* Lateral toes = ?
* AP/oblique foot = ?
* AP/AP axial/oblique toes = Enters at third MTP joint
* Lateral great toe = Perpendicular to MTP of great toe
* Lateral toes = Perpendicular to PIP of affected toe
* AP/oblique foot = Perpendicular to base of third metatarsal
28
Where does the CR go for the following projections?
* AP axial foot = ?
* Lateral foot = ?
* Axial calcaneus = ?
* Lateral calcaneus = ?
* AP axial foot = Angled 10° toward heel to the base of the third metatarsal
* Lateral foot = Perpendicular to base of metatarsals
* Axial calcaneus = Enters plantar surface at base of third metatarsal @ 40° cephalic
* Lateral calcaneus = Perpendicular to calcaneus, 1 inch distal to medial malleolus at sub-talar joint
29
Where does the CR go for the following projections?
* AP/oblique/Mortise ankle = ?
* Lateral ankle = ?
* AP/lateral lower leg = ?
* AP/oblique knee = ?
* AP/oblique/Mortise ankle = Perpendicular through ankle to midway between the malleoli
* Lateral ankle = Enters medial malleolus
* AP/lateral lower leg = Perpendicular to center of leg
* AP/oblique knee = Enters 1/2 inch below patellar apex
30
Where does the CR go for the following projections?
* Lateral knee = ?
* PA axial (Holmblad) = ?
* PA axial (Camp-Coventry) = ?
* AP axial (Beclere Method) = ?
* Lateral knee = Enters knee joint 1 inch distal to medial femoral epicondyle @ 5-7° cephalic
* PA axial (Holmblad) = Perpendicular to the tibia-fibula
* PA axial (Camp-Coventry) = Angle depends on amount of knee flexion — 40 degrees caudad when knee flexed 40 degrees
* AP axial (Beclere Method) = entering the knee joint 1/2 inch below the patellar apex
31
Where does the CR go for the following projections?
* PA patella = ?
* Lateral patella = ?
* Tangential patella (Settegast) = ?
* PA patella = Perpendicular to midpopliteal area, exiting patella
* Lateral patella = Enters knee at midpatellofemoral joint
* Tangential patella (Settegast) = Perpendicular to joint space when joint is perpendicular to IR. CR angle required when space is not perpendicular to IR. Angle depends on amount of knee flexion. Typical angle: 15 to 20 degrees cephalad
