1
Q
- aspermia:
A
no semen
2
Q
- azoospermia:
A
no spermatozoa in ejaculate
3
Q
- oligozoospermia:
A
low total number of spermatozoa
4
Q
- haematospermia:
A
presence of erythrocytes
5
Q
- asthenozoospermia:
A
low percentage of motile spermatozoa
6
Q
- necrospermia:
A
low percentage of live spermatozoa
7
Q
- teratozoospermia:
A
low percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa
8
Q
X =
A
number of sperms of non-diluted semen (1 mm3)
9
Q
S =
A
number of counted sperms
10
Q
A =
A
area of the square within which we counted the sperms
11
Q
D =
A
ration of dilution
12
Q
H =
A
height of the chamber
13
Q
Sq =
A
number of squares which you used for counting the sperm
14
Q
Morphological changes of spermatozoa:
- persistent acroblast:
A
dark granulation of the acrosome seen during staining
15
Q
Morphological changes of spermatozoa:
- diadem sperm defect:
A
chain of dark granules below the quatorial segment
16
Q
Morphological changes of spermatozoa:
- abaxial implantation of the tail:
A
defect in the neck area of the sperm
17
Q
Morphological changes of spermatozoa:
- corksrew defect:
A
lack of screw due to relaxed mitochondrial helix
18
Q
Morphological changes of spermatozoa:
- dag defect:
A
torsion of the sperm tail due to absence of dynein protein
19
Q
Head Size:
- bull:
A
70 μm
20
Q
Head Size:
- stallion:
A
58 μm
21
Q
Head Size:
- boar:
A
48 μm
22
Q
Head Size:
- dog:
A
68 μm
23
Q
Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG):
A
- protein hormone produced by endometrial cups of the mare from about 40-120 days of
pregnancy - mainly has FSH-like activity but with longer half-life
- pharmacological action: mainly FSH-like action but has some LH activity
- indications: impaired spermatogenesis in bulls
24
Q
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG):
A
- a protein hormone extracted from the urine of pregnant women
- has primarily LH-like effect: used as a substitute of LH and has longer half-life
- pharmacological action: stimulates androgen production by Leydig cells of the testis
25
Oestrogens:
- steroids that play a wide role in the reproductive process
- pharmacological action:
- primarily responsible for oestrus behaviour in the female
- potentiate the echoic action of oxytocin and prostaglandin on the myometrium
26
Androgens:
- testosterone is the principal circulating androgen in the male
- responsible for secondary sex characteristics
- limited application in animal reproduction or disease:
- uses in andrology:
- involved in controlling libido in the male i.e. used to improve any deficiency that might be
present
27
TYPES OF TEMPERAMENT IN BULLS
| - 5 scale scoring:
- L0: no interest
- L1: melancholic
- L2: stoic, phlegmatic — relaxed, peaceful
- L3: sanguineous — enthusiastic, active and social
- L4: choleric — “alphas”
- used for evaluation of sexual behaviour (libido sexualis)
- also taken into account when used for breeding, we would want to breed for favourable
temperaments i.e. L3
28
Cascade of unconditioned sexual reflexes:
| - distance reflexes:
- reflex of sexual understanding
- sexual contact
- visual
- erection
- protrusion of the penis
- cremaster reflex
29
Cascade of unconditioned sexual reflexes:
| - contact reflexes:
- direct contact
- mounting reflex
- fixation reflex
30
Cascade of unconditioned sexual reflexes:
| - copulatory reflexes (=thrust):
- retrieval reflex
- intromission
- friction reflex
- reflex of ejaculation — through the stimulation of a number of ganglion/centres:
- Vatter-Pacini: vaginal pressure
- Krause: temperature
- Meissner: contact with vaginal wall
- Ruffini: changes of temperature
31
Conditioned sexual reflexes:
- acquired or learned sexual refelxes
- unwanted
- usually seen after stress or pain manipulation
32
```
Male fertility
(1) Libido sexualis:
```
- determines male sexual behaviour:
- includes pre-copulatory behaviour: search for sexual partner, courtship, sexual arousal,
erection, penile protrusion
- visual control: seen through mouting activity
- lack or absences of libido sexualis = infertility
33
Male fertility
| (2) Potentio coeundi:
- normal sexual behaviour
- includes copulatory behaviour: mounting, intromission, ejaculation
- inability to perform coitus = impotentio coeundi —> infertility (subfertility)
34
Male fertility
| (3) Potentio generandi (sterility):
- normal libido and normal copulatory behaviour
| - infertility occurs after normal coitus
35
2) Acquired
- fertility depends on the neuro-constitution of the individual at the particular environment
- types:
- non-infectious causes:
- alimentary
- climatic
- organisational: exploitation
- transportation
- tumours
- other diseases
36
2) Acquired
| - infectious causes:
- venereal diseases
- infections with affinity of sexual organs
- facultative pathogens occasionally affecting the reproductive tract
37
1) Failure of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
| failure of the axis usually leads to behaviour disorders — can be due to:
- endocrine disorders
- gene mutations and chromosomal abnormalities
- idiopredisposible: genotypic and environmental factors e.g. stress, alimentation, etc
38
Anabiosis inducing factor
REDUCED METABOLISM
spermatozoa are immotile and do not have the ability to fertilise in the head of the epididymis:
where spermatozoa are stored — provides suitable conditions for anabiosis:
- decreased temperature: achieved by plexus pampiniformis heat exchange - pH 5,6-6,6
- increased CO2 and K+ levels
- decreased Cl- and Na+ levels
39
1) Intracellular CPA
- glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) — widely used
- others: methanol, ethylene glycol
- permeate through the plasma membrane of the cells and bind intracellular water
- exert their cryoprotection by inhibiting lethal formation of intracellular crystals and help
dehydrate cells slowly
- cells shrink and remain shrunken during storage
40
2) Extracellular CPA
- polyvinylpyrrollidone (PVP), hydroxyethyl starch and dextran — mostly large macromolecules
- sugars: lactose, glucose, fructose
- cannot pass through the cell membrane
41
1) Estrus detection
| Ewe:
- cycle: 17 days
- estrus lasts 24-36 hours
- inexpressive signs of estrus
42
1) Estrus detection
| Doe:
- cycle: 21 days
- estrus lasts 12-48 hours
- signs of estrus: typical, expressive, vocalisation, urination, discharge of mucus
- ovulation occurs around the end of estrus i.e. 24-27
