Exam – Animals: Structure & Function

Question 1

The Mouth

Answer 1

• 3 pairs of salivary glands
  
  • sublingual
  • submandibular
  • parotid
• Chemical digestion begins, with salivary amylase
• Mechanical digestion begins, with teeth
• Tongue moulds food into bolus

Question 2

Esophagus

Answer 2

• Epiglottis covers trachea
• Peristalsis moves food
• Esophageal sphincter at the bottom

Question 3

Stomach

Answer 3

• Folded walls lined with gastric glands that secrete gastric juice
• Bolus becomes chyme (mix of digested food and gastric juices)
• Pyloric sphincter at the bottom

Question 4

Small intestine

Answer 4

• Where digestion is completed
• Walls are folded to speed up absorption & made of villi and microvilli
• Duodenum
• Jejunum
• Ileum

Question 5

Pancreas

Answer 5

• Secretes enzymes into the duodenum that chemically digest carbs, lipids, proteins
• Biocarbonate alters pH of chyme

Question 6

Liver

Answer 6

• Secretes bile, emulsyfying fat

Question 7

Gall Bladder

Answer 7

Stores bile and salts for fat digestion

Question 8

Large Intestine

Answer 8

• Anything left over moves into it
• Absorbs water
• Bacteria break down anything left over, some produce vitamins

Question 9

Digestive System Diagram

Answer 9

Question 10

Salivary Amylase

Answer 10

Origin: Salivary glands
Where it acts: Mouth
pH: 7
Nutrient molecule digested: Starch, glycogen
Products of digestion: Maltose/disaccharide

Question 11

Pancreatic Amylase

Answer 11

Origin: Panceas
Where it acts: Small intestine
pH: 8
Nutrient molecule digested: Starch, glycogen
Products of digestion: Maltose

Question 12

Carbohydrases

Answer 12

Includes sucrase, maltese, and lactase.
Origin: Small intestine
Where it acts: Small intestine
pH: 8
Nutrient molecule digested: Sucrose, Maltose, & Lactose
Products of digestion: Glucose + Fructose, Glucose, Glucose + galactose

Question 13

Pancreatic Lipase

Answer 13

Origin: Panceas
Where it acts: Small intestine
pH: 8
Nutrient molecule digested: Lipids
Products of digestion: Fatty acids and glycerol

Question 14

Pepsin (Proteases)

Answer 14

Origin: Stomach
Where it acts: stomach
pH: 1-2
Nutrient molecule digested: Protein
Products of digestion: Peptides

Question 15

Trypsin & Chymotrypsin (Proteases)

Answer 15

Origin: Panceas
Where it acts: Small intestine
pH: 8
Nutrient molecule digested: Small polypeptides
Products of digestion: Smaller peptides

Question 16

Factors That Affect Enzyme Action

Answer 16

• Temp & pH
• Optimal temp is 37º
• Optimal pH is 6-8

Question 17

Peristalsis

Answer 17

Wave-like muscle contractions in esophagus that move food down into stomach

Question 18

Saliva

Answer 18

Secretion in mouth that contains salivary enzymes, breaking down food

Question 19

Bolus

Answer 19

Smooth ball of food, moulded by your tongue as you chew

Question 20

Chyme

Answer 20

Liquid mix of digested food and gastric juice, produced in the stomach

Question 21

Denaturation

Answer 21

When enzymes’ chemical bonds become too weak to hold their shape, breaking at high temps

Question 22

Heart Labelling

Answer 22

Question 23

Pulmonary Circulation

Answer 23

Heart to lungs, then back to heart

Question 24

Systemic Circulation

Answer 24

• from heart to body to heart
• left and right pulmonary veins
• left atrium
• mitral valve
• left ventricle
• aortic valve
• into aorta

Question 25

Lub

Answer 25

- First sound - AV valves close

Question 26

Dub

Answer 26

- Second sound - Semilunar valves close

Question 27

SA (sinoatrial) node

Answer 27

- makes the heart beat - patch of specialized self-spontaneous cardiac muscle, located in the wall of the right atrium - sets the rhythm of the heart

Question 28

AV (atrioventricular) node

Answer 28

- passes along the signal to contract to the ventricles from the SAV node.

Question 29

Components of Blood

Answer 29

55% plasma 45% red blood cells 1% white blood cells 1% platelets

Question 30

Systolic Pressure

Answer 30

- pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole - pressure during pumping/contracting - is the highest pressure in the arteries - avg. <120 mmHg

Question 31

Diastolic Pressure

Answer 31

pressure in the arteries during diastole lower than systolic pressure avg. < 80 mmHg

Question 32

Respiratory System Labelling

Answer 32

Question 33

How Are Gasses Carried In The Blood

Answer 33

Through Hemoglobin in red blood cells

Question 34

Inspiration vs. Expiration

Answer 34

**Inspiration** - rib cage moves up and out - diaphragm contracts and moves down - pressure in lungs decreases **expiration** - rib cage moves down and in - diaphragm relaxes and moves up - pressure in lungs increases, air is pushed out

Question 35

Internal vs External Cellular Respiration

Answer 35

- Internal involved gasses moving between bloodstream and cells - External involves air moving between lungs and bloodstream