Exam I

Question 1

What 3 properties does a routine UA consist of?

Answer 1

1. physical properties
2. chemical properties
3. microscopic properties

Question 2

What is the normal range of daily urine volume?

Answer 2

600-2000ml/d

Question 3

What colors are associated with blood in the urine?

Answer 3

smoky, red, pink, brown

Question 4

What is orange urine associated with?

Answer 4

dehydration

Question 5

What is bright yellow urine associated with?

Answer 5

excessive B vitamins

Question 6

What is brownish yellow/green urine associated with?

Answer 6

liver problems

==>check bilirubin and urobilinogen

Question 7

What is milky urine associated with?

Answer 7

hyperlipidemia

Question 8

What is frothy urine associated with?

Answer 8

protein

Question 9

What does specific gravity test?

Answer 9

the kidneys ability to concentrate the urine

Question 10

What is the normal range in an adult for specific gravity?

Answer 10

1.015-1.035

Question 11

What is hyposthenuria?

Answer 11

low specific gravity

Question 12

What is hypersthenuria?

Answer 12

high specific gravity

Question 13

What is isosthenuria?

Answer 13

fixed specific gravity at 1.010

==>can signify end stage renal failure

Question 14

What are some causes of high SpG?

Answer 14

• dehydration

- decreased renal blood flow

Question 15

What are some causes of low SpG?

Answer 15

• overhydration
• pylenonephritis
• diabetes insipidus
• renal failure

Question 16

What is the normal pH of urine?

Answer 16

4.5-7.5

Question 17

What are some causes of acidic urine?

Answer 17

• respiratory acidosis
• metabolic acidosis
• diabetic ketoacidosis
• diabetes mellitus
• large amounts of meats and cranberries

Question 18

What are some causes of alkaline urine?

Answer 18

-respiratory alkalosis
 ==>hyperventilation
-metabolic alkalosis
-UTI
-diet high in veggies and citrus

Question 19

What molecules are associated with acidic urine?

Answer 19

• xanthine
• cysteine
• uric acid stones

Question 20

What molecules are associated with alkaline urine?

Answer 20

• calcium carbonate
• calcium phosphate stones
• magnesium phosphate stones

Question 21

What should you do if a dipstick comes back as positive?

Answer 21

order an SSA to confirm

Question 22

What are some causes of proteinuria?

Answer 22

• UUTI
• diabetes
• glomerulonephritis
• nephrotic syndrome
• preclampsia
• trauma
• strenuous exercise
• cold exposure
• dehyrdation
• febrile illness

Question 23

What is orthostatic proteinuria?

Answer 23

normal urine when supine and proteinuria when standing

Question 24

What are some characteristics of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 24

• 4+ protein
• loses large amounts of protein
• urine appears frothy white
• severe edema
• associated w/toxins

Question 25

When should a Bence Jones test be run?

Answer 25

- on patients with a 4+ protein | - when multiple myeloma is suspected

Question 26

What is the renal threshold value range?

Answer 26

140-180 mg/dl

Question 27

Elevated serum conjugated bilirubin is an indicator of what?

Answer 27

liver dysfunction or biliary obstruction

Question 28

Elevated serum unconjugated bilirubin is an indicator of what?

Answer 28

pre-hepatic issue - anemia's - excessive RBC breakdown

Question 29

What is leukocyte esterase?

Answer 29

screening test to detect WBC

Question 30

Which crystals are alkaline?

Answer 30

- amorphous phosphates - calcium carbonate - triple phosphate

Question 31

Which crystals are acid?

Answer 31

- calcium oxalate | - uric acid

Question 32

Which amino acids indicate severe liver disease?

Answer 32

- tyrosine - leucine - cysteine

Question 33

What is the most likely diagnosis if the UA results contain multiple epithelial cells, positive bacteria and everything else normal?

Answer 33

-contamination | ==>since WBC = normal

Question 34

Which protein is a kidney specific protein?

Answer 34

casts

Question 35

What do RBC casts indicate?

Answer 35

upper UT bleeding | ==>usually from distal convoluted tubule

Question 36

What do WBC casts indicate?

Answer 36

upper UTI

Question 37

What is the MC cause of RBC casts in the urine of children?

Answer 37

untreated or improperly treated strep infxn