1
Q
What are the 5 Welfare Concepts?
A
- sentience
- feelings
- needs
- behaviour
- health
2
Q
What is sentience?
A
- animals not only have feelings and emotions, but can relate to them in different contexts as a result of their experiences
- animals show an emotional adaptability which is a key aspect of sentience
3
Q
What does sentience include and how does it help animals?
A
- includes an animals ability to learn and adapt its responses in different environments and contexts
- helps them to assess risks and benefits and make decisions
- animals use perception and cognitive abilities to help them process their emotions and relate them to different contexts and experiences
4
Q
How are feelings related to welfare?
A
- feelings or emotions are directly related to the satisfaction of needs as well as an animals welfare state
- if needs are met an animal is likely to have a positive welfare and mind set and therefore will feel pleasure and contentment
- if needs are not met an animal is likely to have a negative welfare and mind set and is likely to feel suffering and pain
5
Q
Why are feelings used to assess welfare?
A
- feelings can change when an animals welfare changes
- feelings are used in assessing behaviour responses
6
Q
How are needs related to welfare?
A
- animals have internally motivated needs that have to be performed, if not it can negatively effect their welfare
- when the needs are met welfare is said to be positive and this can affect an animals feelings too
- needs are fundamental to an animals biology in obtaining resources for survival and responding to external and internal stimuli
7
Q
What do an animals needs include?
A
- include aspects of health and behaviour
- they replaced the 5 freedoms recognising the importance of behavioural and physiological needs
8
Q
What are the 5 welfare needs?
A
- suitable diet
- suitable environment
- to express their natural behaviour
- social needs (with or apart from others)
- protection from pain, suffering, injury or disease
9
Q
How is behaviour related to welfare?
A
- behaviour is often used as a measure of an animals welfare
- behavioural responses to environmental stimuli can indicate an animals capacity to cope with its environment
- the ability to cope with challenging environments requires animals to use its full behavioural repertoire
10
Q
How is behaviour measured in comparison to welfare?
A
- if animals can make choices and have control over their environment their welfare is more likely to be positive
- welfare assessments often include avoidance and preference tests as indicators
11
Q
How is health related to welfare?
A
- welfare definitions often refer to aspects of health eg. Physical and mental health
- aspects of health are included in the welfare needs
- both health and welfare can be measured on a continuum or scale from negative to positive
12
Q
Does an animals health change, like welfare does?
A
- like welfare health can change over time, it can improve or deteriorate along the scale
- health and welfare is intertwined, when we refer to animals welfare state we are often referring to its health
13
Q
What are the 5 welfare issues?
A
- environment
- diet
- relinquishment
- acquisition
- veterinary
14
Q
How is an animals environment related to their welfare? (examples)
A
- inappropriate stabling affects a horses socialisation and provides unsuitable grazing conditions
- lack of socialisation in dogs during Covid lockdown, negative impact on their social interactions with other dogs and people
- increased number of dogs being left alone as owners returned to work once lockdown had been lifted caused stress and separation anxiety
- increased tension and aggression seen in multicat households, without adequate provision causes higher levels of stress in cats
- high number of rabbits living on their own and not with other rabbits, they are social species
15
Q
How is an animals diet related to their welfare? (examples)
A
- inappropriate diet such as muesli mix given to pet rabbits causing obesity and dental problems
- inadequate hay provision or grazing opportunities for rabbits
- increased levels of obesity in dogs, cats and horses
- many pet owners are not aware of pert weight or body condition and many not aware of weight being an issue, so owners are not concerned and do not visit vets
- over feedings horses including grazing on unsuitable pasture
16
Q
What are the 5 reasons for relinquishment?
A
- financial
- unwanted litters
- problem behaviours
- change in personal circumstance
- change in legislation
17
Q
Describe the 5 factors explaining relinquishment?
A
Financial - cost of living crisis having an impact on household economy eg. vet costs too high
Unwanted Litters - hobby breeding became popular during Covid which led to higher numbers of unwanted puppies
Problem Behaviours - many owners do not have the time or patience to treat and manage unwanted behaviours and training costs are too high
Personal Circumstance Change - divorce, house move, new baby, hospitalisation, unemployment, death of owner
Change in Legislation - affects the ability of some owners to keep their pets eg. banned breeds
18
Q
How is acquisition related to welfare issues?
A
- higher number of pets being bought from online sources, while most are lawful some are not regulated
- lack of adequate pre-purchase education for potential owners before buying a pet
- increase in number of dogs sourced from abroad, this has increased the risk of exotic diseases entering the UK
- sourcing from abroad has also seen a rise in number of dogs with cropped ears, an illegal practice in the UK
- high number of pet owners do not conduct sufficient research before purchasing a pet and show lack of awareness of potential implications
19
Q
How is veterinary related to welfare issues?
A
- high costs have impacted the number of registrations and visits by pet owners
- neutering, decline number of pets being neutered
- vaccinations, drop in number of owners vaccinating their pets that has coincided with increase in cases of some diseases
- microchipping, not all dogs and cats are microchipped even though its a legal requirement
- canine fertility clinics, increased number of dogs visiting vets attended a clinic causing misdiagnosis and unethical breeding practices
20
Q
What are the 4 learning processes?
A
- observational
- trial and error
- associative
- habituation
21
Q
What is observational learning?
A
- watching and copying from others
- puppies imitate behaviours of their mother, pack members and litter mates
- learn communication signals such as body postures and facial expressions
- as adults they can mimic behaviours of other dogs
- other dogs can be used as models for good or desired behaviours
22
Q
What is trial and error learning?
A
- practicing and learning from mistakes
- also known as operant conditioning
- animal links a behaviour with a specific reward
- animal uses problem solving
- if a certain behaviour results in a positive outcome, then the animal is more likely to repeat that behaviour
- animal training relies on this type of learning eg. dog sits for a treat
- has led to positive reinforcement training methods
23
Q
What is associative learning?
A
- they associate their behaviour with the outcome eg. classical conditioning
- the method used to build up knowledge of their experiences
- occurs when 2 unrelated events become connected in a dogs mind
- they make connections between the stimulus and the behavioural response
- animals make associations
- eg. collar and lead = walking/exercise outdoors and opportunity to explore, play, run
24
Q
What is habituation?
A
- the waning of a response to a stimulus that has no consequences or purpose
- most animals have senses that detect far more information than they actually need
- allows animals to avoid responding to stimuli that are not relevant and filters them out
- whereby an animal becomes accustomed to a repeated environmental stimulus
- a repeated noise and learns to ignore it as it poses no threat
- an example could be a fear inducing stimulus such as a loud noise that an animal has never heard before eg/ firework
25
What is the process of habituation?
- getting used to imitate stimuli that are unimportant and learning to ignore them
- process whereby an animal becomes accustomed to a repeated environmental stimulus
26
What are examples of habituation?
- walking near traffic
- fireworks
- hoover
- washing machine
- cat carrier
- saddles for horses
27
What are the positive implications of habituation?
- likely to ignore the stimuli
- learns to become calm and relaxed in the presence of the stimuli
28
What are the negative implications of habituation?
- could become fearful of stimuli
- training and rehoming may be difficult
- behaviour modification will be required
29
What is the process of socialisation?
- getting used to people and other animals
- developing appropriate social interaction
30
What are examples of socialisation?
- attending puppy or obedience classes
- visits to the vets
- visitors to the house
- different types and looks of people
31
What are the positive implications of socialisation?
- likely to be friendly and affectionate towards people
- tolerant of other animals
32
What are the negative implications of socialisation?
- could become fearful of people and other animals
- may show fearful aggression
- rehoming would be difficult and behavioural modification would be required
33
Signs of fear shown by cats?
- crouched on the ground and lowering the body
- freeze or immobile with arched back
- ears flattened sideways and are drawn back
- raised or lowered bristled tail
- withdrawn head into shoulders
- rapid blinking and dilated pupils
- eye contact may be averted
- whiskers held back against the face
34
Signs of content shown by cats?
- purring
- forward ears
- high tail up which is unbristled
- head held high
- slow blinking
- whiskers slightly forward
35
Signs of aggression shown by cats?
- piloerection (hairs on back bristled)
- stand at full height
- rotate and erect ears
- lashing tail from side to side
- eyes wide open with direct eye contact
- growling, yowling, snarling, howling
36
Signs of fear shown by dogs?
- dropped ears
- tail between legs
- crouched stance
- whining
- avoiding eye contact
- lip licking or yawning excessively
- trembling
37
Signs of content shown by dogs?
- soft eyes
- neutral stance
- neutral ears
- no purposeful teeth bearing
- relaxed body
- happy or playful barks
- high waggy tail
38
Signs of aggression shown by dogs?
- teeth bearing
- aggressive stance, ready to attack
- heckles up
- snarling and barking
- showing gums
- flattening of ears
39
Signs of fear shown by rabbits?
- fleeing or running
- crouching or flattening
- body low to ground or freezing
- may scream
- flattened ears back against body
- bulging eyes
- teeth grinding
40
Signs of content shown by rabbits?
- stretched out flat on its belly
- flopped on its side with hind limbs extended
- binkying, hopping, jumping in the air
- lays ear down when resting
- tooth purring
- actively feeding or foraging
- actively licking or grooming
41
Signs of aggression shown by rabbits?
- bared teeth, lips pulled back
- upright or flattened ears and raised tail
- intent eye contact, pupils also dilated
- alert upright position, either with all 4 feet on the ground or sitting up on their haunches
- thumping, smacking their hind leg feet powerfully of the ground
- snorting, hissing, grunting, growling
42
Signs of fear shown by horses?
- ears pointed stiffly forward or in different directions, or held back if about to flee
- eyes open with tense muscles above the eye making an upside down v shape, whites os the eye may show when their about to flee
- tense muzzle with square nostrils
- tense cheek muscles
- leaning back with head raised and turned to face an alarming object
43
Signs of content shown by horses?
- droopy ears and pointing sideways
- long and low head, neck and body posture
- resting one hind leg, with eyes open, half closed or fully closed
- muzzle relaxed with oval nostrils, the lower lip may be hanging low
44
Signs of aggression shown by horses?
- ears flattened against the neck, may be pointed stiffly back if annoyed
- wrinkled and elongated nostrils
- head raised and turned towards the target
- may lunge forward or kick back
- whites of the eyes showing, and their mouth open showing their teeth
45
What are the 6 life stages?
- neonatal period
- transitional period
- socialisation period
- adolescence/juvenile period
- adult period
- senior/geriatric period
46
What occurs in the neonatal period?
- 0 to 2 weeks
- dominated by sleeping and eating
- suckling and care-soliciting
- can’t regulate body temperature or groom themselves
- immobile
- olfactory imprinting occurs
- born deaf and blind
- stay close to mother and littermates
47
What occurs in the transitional period?
- 2 to 3 weeks
- eyes and ears open
- begin to learn from observation and copying
- movements are more co-ordinated
- engage in social play
- cats become less dependent on mother
- rapid neurological and physical development
48
Dogs vs Cats socialisation period timing?
Dogs - 4 to 12 weeks
Cats - 3 to 16 weeks
49
What occurs in dogs socialisation period?
- begin to explore
- recognise littermates and capable of socialisation
- develop ability to run
- inhibit biting and barking
- begin to eat solid food
- develop control of bowel and bladder
50
What occurs in cats socialisation period?
- begin to eat solid food
- begin to use litter box
- develops control of bowel and bladder
- social and object play begins
- social includes biting, chasing, play fighting
- object includes stalking, chasing, pouncing
- lots baby teeth
- explore and climb environment
51
Dogs and cats age during juvenile/adolescence period?
Dogs - 12 weeks to 6 months
Cats - 17 weeks to 1 year
52
What occurs during the adolescence/juvenile period?
- sexual maturity begins/is reached
- dogs become more dependent
- dogs have increased energy levels
- cats begin to explore further and for longer
- spraying may occur
- cats likely to be subordinate to larger adults but may challenge
53
What occurs during dogs adult period?
- 6 months to 6 years
- puberty and sexual maturity is reached
- learn new behaviours
54
What occurs during cats adult period?
- 1 to 6 years
- territorial behaviours are heightened
- social play may decrease
- metabolic rates slow and may gain weight
- matures socially
55
What occurs during the senior/geriatric period?
- 7+ years
- varies among breeds and sizes
- changes in appetite may occur
- decreased activity may lead to decreased social interaction
YR1 BEHAVIOUR
flashcards
Decks in class (10)
# Cards
-
Concepts In Animal Behaviour30
-
Animal Welfare & Legislation30
-
Breeding Legislation29
-
Understanding Dog Behaviour33
-
Equine Behaviour25
-
Communication Signals & Development Of Behaviour Problems0
-
Principles Of Animal Training45
-
Rabbit Behaviour13
-
Enrichment For Companion Animals30
-
Exam Practice55
