1
Q
What does the MMPI measure?
A
The MMPI-2 is designed with 10 clinical scales which assess 10 major categories of abnormal human behavior, and four validity scales, which assess the person’s general test-taking attitude and whether they answered the items on the test in a truthful and accurate manner.
- Dimensions of personality, symptoms and behavior
2
Q
What is empirical keying? How was it used in the MMPI-II?
A
AKA Critirian Keying - empirical determination of items that differentiated between groups; the clinical scales were derived by selecting items that were endorsed by patients known to have been diagnosed with certain pathologies.
- Test items selected or developed according to face validity
- Focus on validity: each item had to discriminate between groups successfully
3
Q
What was the original standardization sample for the MMPI? NORMALS
A
- 724
- visitors of Univ. of Minnesota hospital and outpatient clinics
- Ages 16-65
- 1930 census
- ~35 years old
- married
- lived in small town/rural area
- 8 years schooling
- worked for skilled or semi-skilled trade or married to a man at this level
4
Q
What was the original standardization sample for the MMPI? CLINICAL GROUP
A
- 221 psychiatric patients from univ. of mini hospitals
- all dx represented (1940s)
- No diagnostic uncertainty nor multiple d/os
- diagnostic groups in clinical scales - hypochodriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviate, psychasthenia, schizophrenia and hypomania
5
Q
How reliable is the MMPI-2?
A
- only caucasians in orig. development
- 1980 census, still biased
- sig diff b/w caucasians and ethnic minority groups
- acculturation (t-scores 50-60 reflect issues of acculturation and t scores >65 refelct sxs and probe consistent with Caucasians
- Test re test: clinical scales.93 (Si) to .56 (Pa)
6
Q
Describe the MMPI-2’s validity
A
Convergent, discriminant and incremental to other measures of emotional functioning
7
Q
Describe threats to validity
A
- threats to protocol validity
- non-content-based invalid responding
- content-based invalid responding
- under-reporting
- over-reporting
8
Q
what are the advantages of MMPI-2?
A
TBD
9
Q
Describe the disadvantages of MMPI-2.
A
TBD
10
Q
What is the age range for the MMPI-2?
A
18 and older
11
Q
What reading level is necessary to administer the MMPI-2?
A
6th grade reading level
12
Q
What is a clinically significant score on the MMPI-2?
A
> /= 65
< 40
13
Q
In what way are the mean T score and standard deviation related to MMPI-2 test interpretation?
A
TBD
- Mean = 50; SD = 10
14
Q
CNS
A
Cannot Say Scale
- > 10 omissions = concern for validity
- omissions possibly due to lack of cooperation and defensiveness, lack of insight, obsessiveness or reading difficulties or confusion
- Effects profile by deflating scores and depends on scale location of the omitted items
15
Q
VRIN
A
Variable Response Inconsistency
- designed to detect Random Responding
- 47 item pairs, 12 can be scored two ways
- T scores range from 30 to 120
- Aid in the interpretation of infrequency scales
- RANDOM
16
Q
TRIN
A
True Response Inconsistency
- designed to detect fixed responding
- 20 item pairs; 3 symmetrical (both ways)
- raw score converted to t score which will ALWAYS be =/> 50
- Detection of response sets
- Interpretation of L,K,S
- FIXED
17
Q
F
A
Infrequency
- used to identify over-reporting
- 60 items among first 370 items
- Elevated bc: intentional (use Fp) or unintentional over-reporting, random responding (use VRIN), fixed responding (use TRIN) or sever psychopathology or severe distress
- ^F = negative info about self is being endorsed
18
Q
Fb
A
Back (side) Infrequency
- designed to detect changes in responding between first (1-370) and second half of the test
- 40 infrequently endorsed items in second half of booklet
- Elevation= Intentional or unintentional over-reporting, random responding, fixed responding, severe psychopathology or sever distress, or fatigue
19
Q
Fp
A
Infrequency Psychopathology
- designed to detect intentional and unintentional over-reporting in individuals with psychopatology
- 27 items endorsed infrequently by a variety of clinical samples
- elevation = intentional over-reporting, random responding, fixed responding
20
Q
L
A
Lie
- designed to detect intentional under-reporting
- 15 obvious items
- All keyed FALSE
- Elevation = intentional under-reporting, lack of insight, very traditional values and beliefs, or indiscriminant false responding
21
Q
K
A
Correction
- designed to detect unintentional under-reporting
- 30 subtle items
- defensive person less likely to recognize purpose and to avoid detection
- all but one keyed FALSE
- Elevation = defensiveness, denying symptoms, problems, and negative characteristics more than the avg person or psychological we’ll-being, ego strength, psychological resources
- minimal effects on education
- for clinical populations, use K-corrected scores
- for normals use non-corrected
22
Q
S
A
Superlative Self-Presentation
- developed to identify under-reporting (Butcher and Han)
- common in personnel screening, child custody
- tendency to present highly virtuous, responsible and free of psychological problems
- subscales to help identify specific areas of defensiveness
23
Q
Non-defensive with significant psychopathology
A
TBD
24
Q
Random Responding
A
- F, Fb, Fp > 100
- K & S near 50
- L = 60-70
25
Faking Bad Profile
Endorse everything
- F and Fb Tscores > 100
- L & K = low
26
Cry for Help Profile
AKA Inverted V
- L & K lower than F
- check for secondary gain and be alert for malingering
- can be indicative of true distress
- may do for possible gain
27
Faking Good Profile
Guardedness and defensiveness=
- L & K T scores > 65 higher than F &
- F T score = 40-50
- V shaped or Check Mark shaped
28
What is K correction?
- designed to detect unintentional under-reporting
| - Corrects for defensiveness
29
When is K correction used and on what clinical scales?
- use for clinical populations
- 1 (Hs)
- 4 (Pd)
- 7 (Pt)
- 8 (Sc)
- 9 (Ma)
30
What do clinical scales measure?
- descriptive information related to personality and symptoms
- hypothesize about personality, dx, and prognosis
31
1
Hs - Hypochodriasis
- 32 items
- preoccupation with the body and fear of illness and disease
- Average T = 60
32
2
D - DEPRESSION
- 57 items
- poor morale, lack of hope in future and general dissatisfaction with life
- denial of happiness, psychomotor retardation, withdrawal, and lack of interest
- denial of hostile impulses
- difficulty with concentration and memory
- general dissatisfaction and discomfort with life circumstances
33
3
HYSTERIA (Hy)
- 60 items
- developed to identify individuals who were having hysterical reactions to stress
- 2 clusters of items: denial of physical health and report of variety of physical complaints OR denial of psychological or emotional problems
- avg T = 60 in medical patients
34
4
PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATE (Pd)
- 50 items
- developed to identify psychopathic personality type (amoral, asocial, delinquent acts)
- absence of satisfaction with life
- assesses both social maladjustment and social confidence and poise
35
5
MASCULINITY/FEMININITY (Mf)
- 56 items
- T score reversed for men and women
- Initially developed to identify homosexuals
- measures interests and is not related to symptoms or problems in inpatient, outpatient or normal groups
36
6
PARANOIA (Pa)
- 40 items
- developed to identify patients with paranoid symptoms
37
7
PSYCHASTHENIA (Pt)
- 48 items
- excessive doubt, compulsions, obsessions, unreasonable fears
- uncontrollable or obsessive thoughts, feelings or fear and/or anxiety, self-doubt, general distress and unhappiness
38
8
SCHIZOPHRENIA (Sc)
- 78 items
- disturbance of thinking, mood, and bx
39
9
HYPOMANIA (Ma)
- 46 items
- elevated mood, accelerated speech and motor activity, irritability, flight of ideas, and brief periods of dyshporia
- High activity level, excitability, irritability, grandiosity, family relationships, moral values and attitudes
40
0
SOCIAL INTROVERSION (Si)
- 69 items
- developed to assess the tendancy to withdraw from social situations and responsibilities
- two types of items: social participation & general maladjustment and self-depreciation
41
Which clinical scales do not measure psychopathology?
5 - Mf & 0 - Si
42
What are the Harris Lingoes subscales and what are they useful for?
- provide info regarding the type of items endorsed on the corresponding clinical scales
43
What clinical scales have Harris Lingoes subscales?
```
2 - Depression (D)
3 - Hysteria (Hy)
4 - Psychopathic Deviate (Pd)
6 - Paranoia (Pa)
8 - Schizophrenia (Sc)
9 - Hypomania (Ma)
0 - Social Introversion (Si)
```
44
When is it valid to interpret the Harris Lingoes sub scales?
Only interpret when parent scale is significantly elevated
45
How do you define a code type?
when two scales demonstrate significantly high T scores, with one being higher than the other
- yields richer diagnostic and clinical information
- scales must all be elevated and fall within 5 T scores of each other
- lowest scale of code type is 5 t scores above the next highest scale
46
13/31
- associated with chronic medical prob, chronic pain and Axis III dx
- resist psychological explanations for their difficulties, preferring medical answers
- present self as psych. normal, responsible and without fault
47
27/72
- outpatient: depression, anxiety, self-degradation, sad, depressed, Dysthymia, hopeless, lack nrg and sleep, fatigued
- Inpatient: depression, loss of interest, compulsions, withdrawn, ECT tx hx, insight into condition
48
29/92
- Agitated and depressed,
- narcissistic and explosive,
- bipolar disorder and NPD, also brain damage
49
48/84
- hx sex abuse
- somatic complaints, anxiety, depression
- acute psych turmoil
- suspicious, paranoid delusional thinking, excessive daydream
- don't fit into env., odd/peculiar, angry, erratic, conflict with societal standards (sexual bx)
50
68/86
- thought d/o
- most frequently found well-defined code type among men inpatient
- outpatient = depression
- stress=fantasy
- paranoid ideation
- auditory halluciantion
- suicide attempts
- schizophrenia dx
- schizoid lifestyle
51
46/64
- one of most frequently code types
- non-conforming and feel got raw end of deal
- poor fan relationships and projection of blame onto family members
- may have psychotic sxs
- argumentative, sullen, angry
- inpatients - drug abuse, weed, coke, contact with criminal justice sys, no chronic medical or phys probe, homeless, AXIS II Cluster B dx
52
49/94
- probs with authority, impulsivity, superficial relationships
- eccentric, cynical, narcissistic
- free of anxiety and depression
- ETOH and substance abuse/dep
- antisocial
- low frustration tolerance
- extroverted, talkative, thrill seeking
- poor judgment
- Frequent Axis II Dx - Antisocial
53
123
- anxiety, depression, somatic sxs
- sad, life is strain
- phys sxs with stress
- low energy level
- lack sex drive
- good marital and work adjustment
54
468
Axis I = depression, Axis II = Antisocial
- hx psychiatric hosp., suicide attempts, and physically abusive
- tangential, defensive, demand attention
- sad, depressed and suicidal ideation
- antisocial, anxious, agitated
- paranoid ideation
55
Neurotic triad aka Conversion V
123
- “Neurotic triad” - elevated in most neuroses, exaggerated need for affection
- “Conversion V” - use somatic disorder as a projection channel for problems
56
Psychotic Triad
278
- Depression, dysthymia, hospitatlizations, sexually abused
- anxiety, phobias, sensitive
- insecure adn self-deprecating
- emotional turmoil, schizoid life styles
- nervous, fearful, suicidal ruminations
- inadequate/inferior
- blunted or inappropriate affect
- lack social skills and are shy, withdrawn, introverted, isolated
57
BPD
2468
58
What are the reconstructed scales?
- developed to sort out degree of emotional distress vs. degree of core construct of scale
- designed to preserve descriptive properties of Clinical Scales while enhancing distinctiveness
59
RCd
dem - demoralization
- overall well-being
- high scores: discomfort and turmoil, and likely to have high scores on other RC, Clinical, and Content Scales (affect)
- depression, anxiety, somatic complaints
60
RC1
som - somatic complaints
- scale 1 & HEA content scale
- physical complaints, depression, anxiety
61
RC2
lpe - Low Positive Emotions
- Lack of positive emotional engagement in life
- unhappy, demoralized, depression
- lack energy, difficulty taking charge, making decision and getting things done
- helpless and hopeless
- introverted, passive, withdrawn, bored, isolated, pessimistic
62
RC3
cyn - Cynicism
- Clinical Scale 3
- avowal of excessive trust of others
- HIGH SCORE: people = untrustworthy, uncaring, concerned about self, exploitive
= LOW SCORE: Naive, gullible, overly trusting
63
RC4
asb - Antisocial Behavior
- purer meas. of antisocial charac. than 4
- difficulty conforming, hx of diff. with law, increased risk subst. abuse
- aggressive, critical, argumentative, angry
- didn't do well is school, work-related probs
64
RC6
per - Ideas of Persecution
- purer meas of persecutory thinking than 6
- HIGH: targeted, controlled, victimized by outside forces, suspicious of motive of others, difficulty forming trusting relationships
- T>/= 75 delusions, hallucinations, psychotic sxs
65
RC7
dne - Dysfunctional Negative Emotions
- HIGH: negative emotions, anxiety, irritability, depression
- intrusive, unwanted ideation
- insecure, sensitive to criticism
- ruminate and brood about failures
- passive and submissive
66
RC8
abx - Aberrant Experiences
- focused meas of sensory, perceptual, cognitive and motor disturbances than 8
- HIGH: T>/=65 hallucinations, delusions, bizarre sensory experiences
- impaired reality testing
- T>/=75 schizophrenia, delusional d/o, schizoaffective d/o
67
RC9
hpm - Hypomanic Activation
- HIGH: thoughts racing, high energy level
- heightened mood, irritability, poor impulse control
- aggressive, subst. abuse
- sensation seekers, risk takers
- T>/=75 manic episod of BP
- T = 60-70 extroverted person with adaptive high energy level
68
How do RC scales relate to clinical scales?
-preserve descriptive properties of Clinical Scales while enhancing distinctiveness
69
How were Content scales derived?
Rational identification = clinician and experts agreed upon items
- eliminated item overlap amongst scales
- view scores as direct communication from test takers
- high scores = what examinee wants the examiner to know about them
70
What information do Content Scales they provide?
- view scores as direct communication from test takers
| - high scores = what examinee wants the examiner to know about them
71
ANX
ANXIETY
- tension
- somatic sxs
- sleep difficulties
- worries
- poor concentration
- fear of losing mind
- life is a strain
- diff making decisions
72
BIZ
BIZARRE MENTATION
- psychotic thought process
- aud, visual, offactory halluc
- strange/peculiar thoughts
- paranoid ideation
- special mission/powers
73
LSE
LOW SELF-ESTEEM
- low opinions of self
- think not liked or unimportnat
- negative attitudes about selves
- lack self-confidence, hard to accept compliments
- overwhelmed by faults see in selves
74
SOD
SOCIAL DISCOMFORT
- uneasy around others, prefer to be alone
- sit alone, shy
- dislike parties and group events
75
FAM
FAMILY PROBLEMS
- family discord
- fam lacks in love, unpleasant, quarrelsome
- hate members
- childhood may be abusive, marriages unhappy and lacking affection
76
WRK
WORK INTERFERENCE
- bx/attitudes likely to contribute to poor work perf
- low self-confidence, concentration difficulties, obsessiveness, tension, pressure
- questioning of career choice, neg att towards co-workers
77
TRT
NEGATIVE TREATMENT INDICATORS
- neg attitudes towards drs and mental health tx
- no one can understand or help them
- issues that aren't comfortable discussing
- no want to change anything, nor feel change is possible
- prefer giving up than facing crisis or diff
- general maladjustment
78
CYN
CYNICISM
- misanthropic beliefs
- expect hidden, negative motives behind acts of others
- distrust others
- neg att about those close to them, workers, family, friends
79
ASP
ANTISOCIAL PRACTICES
- similar misanthropic att as CYN
- prob bx during school yers and other antisocial practices - stealing, trouble with law
- report enjoying antics of criminals and believe all right to get around law, as long as not broken
80
In what way are the Content Component Scales useful?
- homogenous subgroupings of items
| - clarify Content Scale interpretations
81
When is it appropriate to interpret the Content Component Scales?
- only when parent content scale T score > 60
82
How were supplementary scales developed?
- an ad hoc collection of scales over the course of the test's hx
- +450 scales developed; updated
- provide info not avail from clinical scales
83
A
Anxiety
- anxious, uncomfortable
- poor overall adjustment
- negative emotion, dysphoria, decreased energy
84
R
Repression
- internalizing
- conventional, cautious
85
Es
Ego Strength
- Predict response to psychotherapy
- LOW = maladjustment
- HIGH = confidence, psych. resources
86
Mac-R
```
MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale-Revised
- not valid scale with women
- raw score > 28 - positive
24-27 = possible alcohol probs
- male alcoholics from non-alcoholic psychiatric patients
```
87
PSY-5
- provide overview of major personality trait features
- Aggressiveness
- Psychoticism (disconnection from reality)
- Disconstraint (disinhibition and sensation seeking)
- Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism (neg affects/emotion)
- Introversions/Low Positive Emotionality (hedonic capacity; joy)
88
O-H
Over-Controlled Hostility
- HIGH: defensiveness
- LOW: self-punitiveness, self-blamming, expression of angry feelings
89
AAS
Addiction Admissions Scale
- substance abusers vs. general psychiatric patients
- T>60 = subst abuse, hx acting out, impulsive, risk-taking, critical, argumentative, angry, aggressive
90
APS
Addiction Potential Scale
- antisocial bx
- extroversion
- excitement seeking, risk-taking, recklessness
- satisfaction/dissatisfaction with self
- powerlessness/lack of self-efficacy
91
PK
Post-Traumatic Disorder - Keane
- intense emotional distress
- anxiety and sleep disturbances
- PTSD
92
MDS
Marital Distress
| - dissastisfaction with marriage or romantic relationship
93
What do critical items measure? When are critical items useful?
- developed for use in clinical settings to provide an additional source of hypotheses about the respondent
94
Threats to protocol validity (Non-content-based invalid responding)
- non-responding (CNS scale)
- random responding (intentional and unintentional) (VRIN Scale)
- fixed responding (yea saying; nay saying) (TRIN Scale)
95
Threats to protocol validity (Content-based invalid responding)
- Over-reporting: faking bad, malingering, Intentional (exaggeration vs. fabrication), unintentional (negative emotionality/distress/help seeking) (F, Fb, Fp scales)
- Under-reporting: faking good, defensiveness, intentional (minimization vs. denial), unintentional (ego defenses, social desirability) (L,K,S scales)
96
VRIN >/= 80
random responding
97
VRIN < 40
hypervigilence
98
TRIN>/= 80T OR 80F
Fixed response set indicated
99
T score Fb > T score F+30 (or 20???)
Significant change in responding occurred
100
Fp > 70 and < 100
degree of exaggeration of symptoms
101
Fp >/= 100 AND VRIN < 70 AND TRIN <70
intentional over-reporting
102
F is elevated AND Fp < 70
elevated score of F likely reflects severe pathology, distress, or unintentional over-reporting
103
Hs (1) >80
Extreme somatic concern/somatic delusions
104
Hs (1) = 60-80
- Somatic concerns
- sleep disturbance
- lacks nrg
- demanding
- dissatisfied
- complaining, whiny
105
Hs(1) = 40-59
Average
106
Hs (1) <40
Low score
| No interpretation
107
D (2) > 70
serious clinical depression
108
D (2) = 60-70
```
Moderate depression,
dissatisfaction with life situation,
worried,
withdrawn,
somatic complaints,
lacks self confidence
```
109
D (2) = 40-59
Average
110
D (2) < 40
Low score
| No interpretation
111
Hy (3) > 80
Consider conversion reaction
112
Hy (3) = 60-80
- Somatic symptoms
- sleep disturbance
- lacks insight considering causes of sxs
- denial
- immature, self-centered
- demanding
- suggestible
- affilliative
113
Hy (3) = 40-59
Average
114
Hy (3) < 40
low score
| no interpretation
115
Pd (4) >75
Asocial/antisocial bx
116
Pd (4)= 60-75
- rebellious
- non-conforming
- family probs
- impulsive
- angry, irritable
- extroverted
- uncooperative (women)
- creative
- dissatisfied
- energetic
- superficial relationships
117
Pd (4) = 40-59
Avg
118
Pd (4) < 40
Low Score
| No interpretation
119
Mf (5) > 75
WOMEN & MEN: may report sexual concerns, problems
120
Mf (5) = 60-75
Lacks traditional gender interests
121
Mf (5) = 40 - 59
Average
122
Mf (5) <40
Very traditional gender interests
123
Pa (6) > 70
Consider paranoid psychosis
124
Pa (6) = 60-70
- Paranoid style
- guarded
- extremely sensitive
- suspicious
- angry, resentful
- withdrawn
125
Pa (6) = 45-59
Avg
126
Pa (6) < 45
Low Score
| No interpretation
127
Pt (7) >75
Extreme fear, anxiety, tension
- intruding thoughts
- unable to concentrate
128
Pt (7) = 60-75
- moderate anxiety
- depression
- bad dreams
- guilt
- indecisive
- lacks self-confidence
- perfectionistic
- feels unaccepted
129
Pt (7) = 40-59
Avg
130
Pt (7) <40
Low Score
| No interpretation
131
Sc (8) >75
- distress and confusion
- acute psychological turmoil
- consider psychotic d/o dx
132
Sc (8) = 60-75
- schizoid life-style
- fearful
- confused
- aloof, univolved
- excessive fantasy
- daydreaming
133
Sc (8) = 40-59
Avg
134
Sc (8) <40
Low Score
| No interpretation
135
Ma (9) > 80
Consider Bipolar, manic type
136
Ma (9) = 70-80
- excessive energy
- bossy
- conceptual disorganization
- impulsive
- unrealistic self-appraisal
- talks too much
- low frustration tolerance
- lacks direction
137
Ma (9) = 60-69
- Active
- extraverted
- rebellious
- energetic
- creative
138
Ma (9) = 40-59
Avg
139
Ma (9) <40
Low Score
| No interpretation
140
Si (0) > 75
Extreme social withdrawal/avoidance
141
Si (0) = 60-75
- introverted, shy, timid
- depressed, guilty
- slow personal tempo
- lacks self-confidence
- lacks interest
- submissive, compliant
- overcontrolled
- reliable, dependable
- values work
142
Si (0) = 40 - 59
Avg
143
Si (0) <40
- extraverted, gregarious
- self-reliant
- energetic
- competitive
- undercontrolled
- manipulative
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