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Exam Study Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three approaches to ethics discussed?

A
  • Teleological
  • Deontological
  • Relational

These approaches represent the stances from which Catholic ethics has often operated.

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2
Q

Who is the philosopher associated with Teleological Ethics?

A

Aristotle

Aristotle’s teachings emphasize happiness as the goal of life.

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3
Q

According to Aristotle, happiness is found in __________.

A

community

The basic unit of the community is the family.

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4
Q

What is the difference between happiness and pleasure according to Aristotle?

A
  • Happiness: enduring
  • Pleasure: momentary

Happiness is a more lasting state than pleasure.

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5
Q

What does telos mean in the context of Aristotle’s ethics?

A

purpose

Everything has a purpose that contributes to achieving happiness.

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6
Q

What is the doctrine of the mean in Aristotle’s ethics?

A

Avoiding excess and seeking moderation

This doctrine emphasizes balance in virtues.

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7
Q

List the three areas of interest in Deontological ethics according to Kant.

A
  • God
  • Freedom
  • Immortality

These areas are essential for achieving the supreme good.

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8
Q

True or false: In Deontological ethics, the consequences of actions are the most important.

A

FALSE

The motive behind actions is what matters in Deontological ethics.

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9
Q

What is the definition of a maxim in Kant’s ethics?

A

A rule you set for yourself that everyone should follow

Maxims carry a categorical imperative.

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10
Q

Who emphasized the ‘Wisdom of Love’ over the ‘Love of Wisdom’?

A

Emmanuel Levinas

Levinas focused on our responsibility for others.

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11
Q

What does Levinas mean by Totality?

A

We are all the same

This contrasts with his notion of Infinity, where we recognize our differences.

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12
Q

What is the significance of the face of the Other in Levinas’ philosophy?

A

It compels us to take responsibility for them

The face reflects a unique trace of God.

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13
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the three approaches to ethics?

A
  • Teleological: Purpose Driven
  • Deontological: Duty Driven
  • Relational: Relationship Driven

Each approach offers a different perspective on ethical behavior.

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14
Q

Define virtue in the context of ethics.

A

A good habit, an inner readiness to accomplish moral good

Virtues are developed through repeated ethical actions.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: Vice is defined as __________.

A

a bad habit, an inner readiness to accomplish moral evil

Vices develop through negative actions.

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16
Q

What is the role of conscience in ethical decision-making?

A

To act with knowledge, guiding us to do good and avoid evil

Conscience is where we are alone with God.

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17
Q

What is the purpose of laws?

A

To allow humans to be free and safe

Laws are not meant to be a burden; they help us exercise and develop our talents and skills.

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18
Q

Who can make laws?

A
  • Humans
  • God

Laws can be categorized into Eternal Law and Civil Law.

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19
Q

What are the two types of Eternal Law?

A
  • Divine Law
  • Natural Law

Divine Law is revealed to humanity, while Natural Law is engraved in our soul.

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20
Q

Define Civil Law.

A

Human Law made by governments usually through democratic process

Civil Law is distinct from Eternal Law.

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21
Q

According to St. Thomas Aquinas, a good law is an ordinance of ______ for the common good.

A

reason

This means laws should be based on rational thought and aimed at the welfare of the community.

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22
Q

What are the key components of a good law?

A
  • Ordinance
  • Reason
  • Common good
  • Promulgated

Each component plays a crucial role in defining what constitutes a good law.

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23
Q

What is the difference between a Law, Rule, and Maxim?

A
  • Law: Judgment of a lawmaker about means to promote common good
  • Rule: Prescribed guide for conduct
  • Maxim: General truth or rule of conduct

Each term has distinct meanings and applications.

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24
Q

True or false: A rule is an authoritative statement of what may or may not be done.

A

TRUE

Rules serve as guidelines for conduct or action.

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25
What are the **four dimensions of norms**?
* Declared by an Authority * Must be Reasonable * Involve Freedom * Direct our Inclinations and Desires ## Footnote These dimensions help define the nature and obligation of norms.
26
Norms must be ______ to be accepted by people.
Reasonable ## Footnote If norms are reasonable, people are more likely to follow them based on their own reasoning.
27
Norms impart **wisdom** from those who have had experience on certain matters, such as ______.
drunk driving ## Footnote Norms provide security and guidance as individuals mature.
28
Norms help curb our **emotions** by giving us ______ along the way.
signposts ## Footnote This helps guide behavior and decision-making.
29
What are the **three elements** to morality?
* Moral object * Intention / motivation * Circumstances ## Footnote Each element plays a crucial role in determining the moral quality of an action.
30
Define **moral object**.
Freedom is power to act or not to act ## Footnote It answers the question: What is being done? What has been chosen to do?
31
What does **intention** refer to in moral actions?
Every act has a will ## Footnote It answers the question: Why is this being done? What is the motive, purpose, or reason?
32
What questions do **circumstances** address?
* Who? * When? * Where? * How? ## Footnote Circumstances can modify an act and affect its moral goodness or evil.
33
In order for an action to be morally good, what must be true about all three elements?
All three elements must be good ## Footnote If any element is lacking or evil, the whole action is considered immoral.
34
What is the definition of **evil** in the context of morality?
A deficiency (a lack of something) ## Footnote An act is morally wrong if it is missing one of the three elements.
35
If any of the actions are immoral, what is the status of the whole action?
The whole action is immoral ## Footnote This emphasizes the interconnectedness of the three elements of morality.
36
Provide an example where the **moral object** is evil.
A married man has an affair ## Footnote The motive was to comfort the woman, but the moral object itself is inherently wrong.
37
Provide an example where the **motive/intention** is evil.
Helping an old lady cross the street for money to buy cigarettes ## Footnote The moral object is good, but the intention corrupts the action.
38
Provide an example where the **circumstance** is evil.
Eating a sandwich during mass at church ## Footnote The act of eating is not wrong, but the circumstance makes it inappropriate.
39
Define **conscience**.
The sense of what is right and wrong that governs somebody's thoughts and actions ## Footnote Conscience urges individuals to do right rather than wrong.
40
What does conscience call us to do?
* Love and do what is good * Avoid evil ## Footnote It acts as an inner voice telling us what to do at the right moment.
41
According to the teachings of the Church, conscience is a law inscribed in _______.
human hearts ## Footnote It is described as a secret core and sanctuary in which one is alone with God.
42
Who developed the concept of the **superego** in relation to conscience?
Sigmund Freud ## Footnote The superego acts as our moral judge, while the id represents our depressed drives.
43
What is the difference between the **superego** and moral conscience according to Freud?
* Superego: Developed from choices made by others * Moral conscience: Developed from self-direction and personal choices ## Footnote This highlights the distinction between external influences and internal moral guidance.
44
List the three aspects of conscience as described in the text.
* Capacity * Process * Judgment ## Footnote These aspects help in knowing, discovering, and committing to what is good.
45
How does one's **conscience develop**?
* Maturity * Norms, values, virtues, and commandments * Awareness of failure and need for support * Participation in Eucharist and prayer * Growth in humility ## Footnote These factors contribute to refining one's sense of right and wrong.
46
What is **rationalization** in the context of a misinformed conscience?
Making excuses for wrong actions by suggesting the victim can handle it ## Footnote This reflects a flawed reasoning process in moral decision-making.
47
True or false: **Trivialization** involves making excuses based on societal norms.
TRUE ## Footnote It reflects a tendency to downplay the significance of moral actions.
48
What does the phrase 'the end justifies the immoral means' imply?
The outcome is prioritized over the morality of the actions taken ## Footnote This can lead to unethical decision-making.
49
What is the role of **moral behaviour** in relation to conscience?
Tied to intellectual, social, and spiritual growth ## Footnote Moral behaviour is influenced by various social factors and institutions.
50
What is a **well-formed conscience**?
A conscience that is well informed ## Footnote Individuals have a responsibility to be informed about moral living and moral thinkers.
51
What is the **magisterium** of the Catholic Church?
The official Teaching office of the Church ## Footnote It provides guidance on moral questions.
52
As people mature, their actions tend to shift from imposed rules to a more _______ law system.
self-directed ## Footnote This reflects a transition to personal moral decision-making.
53
According to Freud, conscience is not a feeling of _______.
failure ## Footnote He distinguishes between moral conscience and the superego.
54
What does **freedom** mean according to the Catechism of the Catholic Church?
Freedom is the power to act or not to act, and so to perform deliberate acts of one’s own ## Footnote Freedom attains perfection in its acts when directed towards God, the sovereign Good.
55
Humans possess a power to do things that sets us apart from _______.
animals ## Footnote Humans are not automatic and predictable; they can be spontaneous and creative.
56
When we choose to act, we are known as _______.
agents ## Footnote Every human has the capacity to be an agent.
57
Define **agent**.
A person who acts freely and knowingly, who chooses to do or not do something, accountable for actions or omissions ## Footnote The concept emphasizes personal responsibility.
58
What is the **Conceptual Framework of Action** used for?
To explore our human capacity to act by asking a series of questions ## Footnote It helps analyze human actions in depth.
59
List the elements of the **Conceptual Framework of Action**.
* Who? (Agent) * What? (Intention) * Where? & When? (Circumstances) * Why? (Motivation) * How? (Means) ## Footnote Each element is involved in all human actions.
60
True or false: We can directly observe our capacity to make things happen.
FALSE ## Footnote As a result, you cannot directly describe it either.
61
What does **Forrest Gump** teach us about destiny?
It presents different perspectives on destiny and choice ## Footnote Forrest’s mother has a specific understanding of destiny that contrasts with other views.
62
What is the **motivation** for action in the Conceptual Framework of Action?
What drives the agent to act ## Footnote Understanding motivation is crucial for analyzing human actions.
63
Fill in the blank: Humans can intervene in and give a new direction to a course of _______.
events ## Footnote An example is choosing to save a child from a burning building.
64
What does the activity involving heroes help us understand?
The elements involved in human action ## Footnote It encourages analysis of intentions and motives.
65
What is **Freedom**?
The power to act or not to act, performing deliberate acts of one’s own ## Footnote Freedom attains perfection in its acts when directed towards God, the sovereign Good.
66
Freedom presupposes a **_______**.
will ## Footnote When we exercise our will, we act out of freedom.
67
What is the formula for a **willed act**?
Will (Intention) + Action = Willed (Intended) Act ## Footnote A moral act is not an act alone; it is a willed act.
68
Freedom makes humans **_______** for their acts.
responsible ## Footnote Responsibility is tied to the voluntary nature of actions.
69
The more one does what is good, the **_______** one becomes.
freer ## Footnote This highlights the relationship between virtue and freedom.
70
True or false: The choice to disobey and do evil is an **abuse of freedom**.
TRUE ## Footnote This indicates that freedom can be misused.
71
How is freedom exercised?
In relationships between human beings ## Footnote We choose how we treat each other.
72
According to **Naturalism**, free will is only an **_______**.
illusion ## Footnote This perspective argues that we are not responsible for our actions.
73
What does **Artificial Intelligence** refer to?
Intelligent computers that can think ## Footnote Thinking involves reasoning, creativity, intending, reflecting, etc.
74
If AI thinks, free will might have to be **_______**.
denied ## Footnote This raises questions about the moral value of actions stemming from AI.
75
What is the **Mind-Brain Problem**?
The brain is physical, but the mind is not clearly defined ## Footnote Descartes maintained that thought exists independently of physical realities.
76
According to Catholic teaching, the human person is both **_______** and **_______**.
physical and spiritual ## Footnote The soul is described as our innermost aspect and spiritual principle.
77
What is **Predestination**?
The belief that God has predetermined every action and deed of every individual ## Footnote This raises questions about human freedom.
78
Who disagreed with Kant's view on freedom?
John Calvin ## Footnote Calvin believed that our choices have no impact on our fates.
79
St. Augustine wrote extensively on **free will** and stated that without God's help, we cannot intend or do anything **_______**.
good ## Footnote His teachings emphasize the necessity of divine assistance.
80
What does **Social Determinism** teach?
A person’s actions are shaped by social influences ## Footnote This suggests that external causes determine behavior.
81
Freud believed that painful memories survive in our **_______**.
unconscious ## Footnote These memories can drive conscious behavior and lead to neurotic actions.
82
Freud identified two primary instincts that motivate our behavior: **_______** and **_______**.
* life instinct * death instinct ## Footnote These instincts influence our actions and moral considerations.
83
Naturalism, religious determinism, strong AI theory, social determinism, and Freud argue against the existence of the **_______** as a real entity.
will ## Footnote Catholics regard the will as God's most precious gift.
84
Who founded the discipline of **psychoanalysis**?
Sigmund Freud ## Footnote Freud is known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the mechanism of repression.
85
What is the primary motivational force of human life according to Freud?
Sexual drives ## Footnote Freud established sexual drives as the primary motivational forces of human life.
86
What method did Freud create for investigating the mind?
Clinical method of psychoanalysis ## Footnote This method involves dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.
87
What concept did Freud contribute to the understanding of the human person?
The unconscious mind ## Footnote Freud demonstrated that human behavior is often driven by unconscious impulses.
88
What is the term for memories and desires that are repressed?
Repression ## Footnote Repressed memories and desires are kept out of consciousness by a mental censor.
89
What metaphor did Freud use to explain the structure of the mind?
Iceberg metaphor ## Footnote This metaphor illustrates the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind.
90
What are the **three structures** that make up our psyche according to Freud?
* Id * Ego * Superego ## Footnote Each structure has distinct roles and functions in personality.
91
What principle does the **id** operate on?
Pleasure principle ## Footnote The id seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual needs.
92
What is the role of the **ego** in Freud's theory?
To mediate between the id, society's demands, and reality ## Footnote The ego operates on the reality principle.
93
At what age does the **superego** typically develop?
By the age of five ## Footnote The superego develops due to moral and ethical restraints from caregivers.
94
What does the **superego** use as a powerful weapon to regulate conduct?
Guilt ## Footnote The superego tells us we are good when we follow rules and bad when we do not.
95
True or false: The **superego** is the same as our conscience.
FALSE ## Footnote The superego dictates beliefs of right and wrong but is not equivalent to the Christian view of conscience.
96
What drives us to follow our **superego**?
Fear of losing love or approval ## Footnote We absorb the standards of authority figures to protect ourselves.
97
What distinguishes the **moral conscience** from the superego?
Moral conscience acts in love, while the superego is based on external commands ## Footnote The moral conscience is driven by an innate human need to seek the good.
98
What does the **conscience** represent according to the Second Vatican Council?
Our most secret core and sanctuary ## Footnote It is where we are alone with God whose voice echoes in our depths.
99
What is the task of the **conscience**?
To direct the process of moral decision-making ## Footnote It involves choices between being authentic and inauthentic.
100
What does **theology** mean?
Study of God ## Footnote Derived from the Greek words *Theo* (God) and *-logy* (study).
101
Who defined theology as '**Faith Seeking Understanding**'?
Anselm ## Footnote This definition emphasizes the relationship between faith and reason.
102
What are the **two pillars** the Catholic Church points to for studying God/Faith?
* Scripture * Tradition ## Footnote These pillars guide the understanding of God's revelation.
103
What is God's communication with us called?
Revelation ## Footnote It includes experiences of God's presence, prayer, and interactions with others.
104
Christian Ethics is based on **GOD’S REVELATION** and what other element?
Human reason ## Footnote This combination helps us understand God's Law.
105
In the Judeo/Christian tradition, ethics involves a three-way relationship between whom?
* God * Self * Others ## Footnote This relationship emphasizes interconnectedness in ethical considerations.
106
Who argued that through **reason** we could find fullness of being?
Aristotle ## Footnote His philosophy emphasizes the importance of rational thought in achieving a good life.
107
Kant argued that we could define **universal principles** that were reasonable and act on them according to our will. True or False?
TRUE ## Footnote Kant's philosophy laid the groundwork for modern ethical thought.
108
What is the **Torah** also known as?
Pentateuch ## Footnote It refers to the first five books of Hebrew Scripture.
109
What acronym does **Tanakh** stand for?
* T: Torah * N: Neviim * K: Ketuviim ## Footnote These are the three main sections of the Hebrew Scriptures.
110
The **Protestant version** of the Bible is shorter than which version?
Catholic Bible ## Footnote Protestants removed certain sections after 1517, referring to them as the 'Apocrypha'.
111
Who assigned **numbered verses** to the Old and New Testament?
Robert Stephanus ## Footnote He did this while traveling on horseback, which affected some verse divisions.
112
What are the **four different editors** of the Hebrew Scripture?
* Elohist (E) * Yahwist (J) * Priestly (P) * Deuteronomist (D) ## Footnote Each editor contributed unique perspectives and styles to the biblical texts.
113
What is the **first stage** of the formation of the Gospels?
The historical Jesus ## Footnote This stage focuses on Jesus' life and teachings before the Gospels were written.
114
During which period did the **oral storytelling** about Jesus occur?
33 AD – 60 AD ## Footnote This was a time when Jesus' disciples spread his teachings verbally.
115
What is the **Lost Sayings Gospel of Q**?
A list of things Jesus said ## Footnote It is referenced in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, indicating its historical significance.
116
What are the **Synoptic Gospels**?
* Matthew * Mark * Luke ## Footnote They are called Synoptic because they share similar content and structure.
117
What is the **Gospel of John** known for?
Different material and more spiritual tone ## Footnote It was written later than the Synoptic Gospels.
118
What criteria were used to decide which Gospels to include in the Bible?
Historical authenticity and theological consistency ## Footnote The Church met in 400 AD to finalize the canon of the New Testament.
119
What is the **shortest Gospel**?
Mark ## Footnote It is characterized by its rapid narrative style.
120
What is the **Sermon on the Mount** primarily about?
The heart of Jesus’ ethical message and the fulfilment of the Torah ## Footnote It includes teachings such as the Beatitudes.
121
What are the **Beatitudes**?
* Blessed are the poor in spirit * Blessed are those who mourn * Blessed are the meek * Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness * Blessed are the merciful * Blessed are the pure in heart * Blessed are the peacemakers * Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness’ sake ## Footnote The Beatitudes present radical ideas that challenge societal norms.
122
Fill in the blank: **Blessed are the poor in spirit**: They admit to their strengths and weaknesses, they admit they need ______.
God ## Footnote They do not think that they are better than others.
123
Fill in the blank: **Blessed are those who mourn**: They are sensitive to the feelings of others and can show ______.
compassion and sympathy ## Footnote They respect your feelings and emotions.
124
What does it mean to be **meek** according to the Beatitudes?
* Not using violence to get their way * Not forcing people to change * Being humble ## Footnote Meekness is a key characteristic of those who follow the Beatitudes.
125
What do those who are **hungry and thirsty for righteousness** seek?
* Justice * Fairness * What is right according to Jesus ## Footnote They stand up for what is just and fair.
126
True or false: **Blessed are the merciful** means they are forgiving and show mercy.
TRUE ## Footnote They give people a second chance and don’t make judgments.
127
What are the characteristics of the **pure in heart**?
* Always loving and supportive * Committed to those they love * Gentle and kind-hearted ## Footnote Purity of heart is emphasized in the Beatitudes.
128
What do **peacemakers** do according to the Beatitudes?
* Bring people together * Seek peace and justice * Help eliminate violence and conflict ## Footnote They play a crucial role in promoting harmony.
129
Fill in the blank: **Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness’ sake**: They are willing to make ______ in the name of justice.
sacrifices ## Footnote They are not afraid of emotional or physical hurt for doing what is right.
130
How do the Beatitudes relate to the **commandments**?
They build on the commandments ## Footnote The Beatitudes challenge traditional norms and expectations.
131
What is the **Character Cycle**?
* Virtues * Conscience * Actions * Habits * Character * Vices ## Footnote It illustrates the development of moral character.
132
What is the **Beatitude Cycle**?
* Conscience: Beatitudes * Actions: Commandments * Good Habits: Virtues * Character: Christ-like Figure ## Footnote It emphasizes the importance of attitudes in shaping actions.
133
What is the ultimate desire of everyone according to the teachings of the Beatitudes?
To obtain happiness ## Footnote True happiness is achieved by doing the will of God.
134
Fill in the blank: True happiness is achieved by doing the will of God, being the persons God calls us to, and ______.
emptying the self ## Footnote This includes becoming meek, learning how to sorrow, and working for peace.
135
Who are some historical figures that exemplified the teachings of the Beatitudes?
* Martin Luther King Jr. * Mahatma Gandhi * Abraham Lincoln ## Footnote They were persecuted for living out the Beatitudes.
136
What does Jesus challenge us to do in relation to the **Beatitudes**?
Live by the spirit of the Beatitudes in every circumstance ## Footnote It goes beyond merely following laws.
137
How does the world today reflect the teachings of the **Beatitudes**?
Are they being lived out or violated? ## Footnote This question prompts reflection on current societal values.
138
What is the **focus question** regarding ethics?
* Are you an ethical person? * How do you know? * Think of an experience where you did something ethical? Why? ## Footnote These questions encourage self-reflection on personal ethics and moral experiences.
139
How do we often perceive **ethics and morality**?
As an imposition on our freedom ## Footnote This perception can make ethics feel foreign and undesirable.
140
Where do good ethics and solid moral rules ultimately originate?
From the individual ## Footnote They are not ultimately imposed from outside.
141
What are examples of personal moral values mentioned?
* Not betraying a friend * Helping a stranger in need * Not making popularity a pursuit at all costs ## Footnote These values reflect individual character and ethics.
142
What is the **natural tendency** of humans when faced with immediate danger?
To help those in immediate danger ## Footnote This response is instinctual, although it may involve personal risk.
143
What generates a deep awareness of one’s own compassion?
Giving money to a beggar ## Footnote This act can lead to self-reflection on personal values.
144
What feelings arise when avoiding a beggar?
* Feelings about responsibility * Feelings about justice * Defensive posture regarding morality ## Footnote Avoidance can lead to internal conflict about ethical decisions.
145
What does the **experience of obligation** relate to?
Duties or obligations to abide by rules or laws ## Footnote This includes following orders from authority figures.
146
What feelings are generated by breaking a curfew?
Anxiety stemming from guilt ## Footnote This occurs regardless of whether the curfew is perceived as just or unjust.
147
What generates deep feelings of outrage in humans?
Blatantly unjust or unfair events ## Footnote Examples include images of abused children.
148
What is an example of a response to something perceived as **intolerable**?
Sharing an example when you responded to something intolerable ## Footnote This encourages reflection on personal experiences of injustice.
149
Who is the **artist** of the painting **The Scream**?
Edvard Munch ## Footnote The painting was created in 1893.
150
What year was **The Scream** painted?
1893 ## Footnote It is an iconic work by Edvard Munch.
151
What type of materials were used in **The Scream**?
* Oil * Tempera * Pastel on cardboard ## Footnote These materials contribute to the painting's unique texture and appearance.
152
What are the **dimensions** of **The Scream**?
91 cm × 73.5 cm (36 in × 28.9 in) ## Footnote The size of the painting adds to its impact.
153
Where is **The Scream** located?
National Gallery, Oslo, Norway ## Footnote This gallery houses several important works of art.
154
Humans have a natural tendency to help those in **immediate danger**. True or False?
TRUE ## Footnote This instinct often leads to a response to calls for help.
155
What feelings are stirred when giving money to a **beggar**?
* Compassion * Responsibility * Need to fight for justice ## Footnote Avoiding the beggar can also lead to feelings of defensiveness.
156
Humans are outraged when something blatantly **unjust** happens. True or False?
TRUE ## Footnote Images of abused children, for example, generate deep feelings of outrage.
157
What generates anxiety stemming from guilt in relation to **curfews**?
Breaking curfew ## Footnote Abiding by a curfew can generate a clear conscience.
158
Humans react deeply to **obligations**. True or False?
TRUE ## Footnote This reaction can lead to feelings of resentment if obligations are seen as unfair.
159
In what year is **Jesus born**?
Year 0 (likely between 7 BCE and 4 CE) ## Footnote The exact year of Jesus' birth is debated among scholars.
160
What significant event occurred between **Year 30 to 33**?
Jesus is crucified ## Footnote This event is central to Christian beliefs regarding salvation.
161
When was the **Gospel of Mark** written?
Late 60s – Early 70s ## Footnote It was written for the persecuted Christian community in Rome when Christianity was illegal.
162
What major event happened in **70 CE**?
The Romans destroy the Temple in Jerusalem ## Footnote This event caused a split between the Jewish community and the Jewish followers of Jesus.
163
When was the **Gospel of Matthew** written?
Late 70s - Late 80s ## Footnote It was aimed at the Jewish followers of Jesus.
164
What is the timeframe for the writing of the **Gospel of Luke**?
Mid to Late 80s ## Footnote It was written for non-Jewish Christians, particularly Greeks in urban settings.
165
When was the **Gospel of John** written?
90 – 100 ## Footnote It was written for an unknown Jewish community.
166
What are the **three stages** of the development of the Gospels?
* The Lived Experience * The Oral Tradition * The Written Gospels ## Footnote These stages reflect how the stories of Jesus were preserved and transmitted.
167
What does **synoptic** mean in relation to the Gospels?
Same view ## Footnote Mark, Matthew, and Luke are called the Synoptic Gospels due to their similar patterns.
168
What is the hypothetical source referred to as **'Q'**?
A source of sayings and stories found in Matthew and Luke but not in Mark ## Footnote This source is theorized to explain the similarities between Matthew and Luke.
169
How does the **Gospel of John** differ from the Synoptic Gospels?
It has a unique writing style and contains passages found only in John's Gospel ## Footnote This distinctiveness sets it apart from Mark, Matthew, and Luke.
170
What is the focus of **Ethics**?
Searching for what is “good” and ideal for the individual and for the community ## Footnote Ethics come from human reason.
171
What influences **Morality**?
The ideals of ethics ## Footnote Religions believe morality comes from divine inspiration.
172
For Christians, what is the divine source of **morality**?
The Bible ## Footnote This belief reflects the Christian perspective on morality.
173
What are the components that create and regulate **good behaviour**?
* Laws * Customs * Habits ## Footnote These components are essential in the framework of ethics.
174
True or false: **Ethics** come solely from divine inspiration.
FALSE ## Footnote Ethics are derived from human reason, not just divine sources.
175
What is the **link between Chapters 4 and 5** in the context of ethical teachings?
The encounter with God calls for a new ethical response ## Footnote Chapter 4 discusses how the encounter with God shaped the ethical stance of Moses and the people.
176
In Chapter 5, what does the encounter with **Jesus** provide?
A new ethical response, a new set of moral teachings ## Footnote Understanding Jesus’ ethics requires understanding his words and actions.
177
What are the two tools used to understand scripture?
* Exegesis * Hermeneutics ## Footnote These tools help in interpreting the ethical teachings of Jesus.
178
Define **Exegesis**.
The study of a scriptural text in its original context ## Footnote It involves considering language, historical context, religious tradition, and influences.
179
What factors must be considered in **Exegesis**?
* Language used by the writer * Historical context * Religious tradition * Influencing writings ## Footnote Understanding these factors is crucial for interpreting scripture.
180
Why is understanding the **language used** important in Exegesis?
To grasp how the writer used language and common expressions of the time ## Footnote Misunderstanding context can lead to misinterpretation.
181
What is the significance of understanding the **historical situation** in Exegesis?
It helps to understand the political, social, and cultural context of the text ## Footnote This context can greatly influence the meaning of the text.
182
How were the writers of the Gospels influenced by **Apocalyptic Literature**?
It was a popular form of writing at the time ## Footnote This influence can be seen in the themes and styles of the Gospels.
183
What does Jesus’ teaching about going the second mile illustrate?
Demanding equality and non-violent resistance to injustice ## Footnote It reflects a deeper ethical point of view rather than mere compliance.
184
Define **Hermeneutics**.
A way of interpreting text and events to understand their meaning for us today ## Footnote It involves comparing events to other contexts.
185
What is the role of **Exegesis** and **Hermeneutics** in understanding the Gospels?
* Exegesis: Understand context and original intent * Hermeneutics: Apply findings to our time ## Footnote Both are essential for interpreting ethical teachings.
186
Fill in the blank: To understand modern language or pop culture, one must apply _______ in order to understand the message.
Exegesis ## Footnote This involves analyzing the context and meaning behind the lyrics or themes.
187
Using **Hermeneutics**, how should we interpret the significance of a historical event today?
By comparing it to contemporary contexts and understanding its impact ## Footnote This helps to draw lessons and relevance from past events.
188
What is the assignment related to the **Sermon on the Mount**?
Summarize each section as an ethical teaching ## Footnote This task is to be completed using the textbook, pages 92-98.
189
What does **ethics** represent?
Innate knowledge of right/wrong distinctions ## Footnote Ethics stress a social system in which those morals are applied.
190
Ethics point to standards or codes of behavior expected by the **group** to which the individual belongs. What are some examples of these?
* Codes of conduct in workplaces * Principles in Religion * Ethical codes for doctors and lawyers ## Footnote These examples illustrate how ethics are applied in various contexts.
191
Morals are culturally and religiously based distinctions of **right/wrong**. What do morals define?
An individual’s own principles regarding right and wrong ## Footnote Morals can vary significantly between different cultures and religions.
192
What are some examples of **morals**?
* Abortion * Euthanasia * Stem Cell Research and Cloning * Pornography * Contraception and Infertility ## Footnote These examples highlight the personal and often controversial nature of moral beliefs.
193
What is the significance of **Revelation** in history?
**Recorded history** of encounters with God ## Footnote Revelation provides a framework for understanding historical events in a religious context.
194
What event is associated with the **Second Coming of Christ**?
A future event in Christian eschatology ## Footnote It signifies the return of Jesus Christ to fulfill promises made in the Bible.
195
Following the **Two Great Commandments** results in what?
**Eternal Life in Heaven** ## Footnote These commandments emphasize love for God and neighbor.
196
What is **Covenant #2** associated with?
**Ten Commandments** ## Footnote This covenant outlines moral laws given to Moses.
197
What is the first commandment in **Covenant #2**?
**Worship God** ## Footnote This commandment emphasizes the importance of devotion to God.
198
Who is associated with **Covenant #1**?
**Abraham** ## Footnote Abraham is considered the father of faith in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
199
What significant event does the story of **Cain and Abel** illustrate?
**Cain Murders Abel** ## Footnote This story highlights themes of jealousy and sin in human relationships.
200
What does **Original Sin** refer to?
The fallen state of human nature ## Footnote It originates from the disobedience of Adam and Eve.
201
What is the significance of **Jesus’ Resurrection**?
Central event in Christianity ## Footnote It signifies victory over sin and death.
202
What is **Covenant #3** associated with?
**Religious Truth in Mythological Series** ## Footnote This covenant explores the intersection of faith and mythology.
203
What is the historical truth regarding **Adam and Eve**?
**Unknown** ## Footnote Their story is foundational in Judeo-Christian theology but is often viewed through a mythological lens.
204
Fill in the blank: **You Today!** signifies the relevance of historical religious truths to _______.
[individual believers] ## Footnote This phrase emphasizes personal connection to historical faith.
205
What does the **revelation of the Name of God** reveal about God?
A God who is deeply concerned about the well-being of people ## Footnote This indicates God's love and care for humanity.
206
Which individuals are mentioned as being called by God to reveal His love?
* Moses * Isaiah * Jeremiah * Ezekiel ## Footnote Their callings illustrate God's love and concern for His people.
207
The covenant between God and Israel impacted the behavior of the Israelites in what way?
It influenced their actions and relationships ## Footnote The covenant emphasizes the importance of maintaining relationships with one another.
208
In the context of ethics, what does the chapter suggest is more important than laws?
Relationships and the maintenance of relationships ## Footnote This reflects God's fierce love and concern for interpersonal connections.
209
What are the **Sacred Scriptures** described as?
The inspired Word of God ## Footnote They reveal God's loving actions in human history.
210
What does God's self-revelation to Moses and the prophets signify?
A summons to a way of living with God ## Footnote It indicates that encountering God is a transformative experience.
211
What is the nature of an encounter with God?
It is never neutral; it is a call and a summons ## Footnote The one called receives a new identity and mission.
212
What does God's self-revelation always include?
A mission or vocation ## Footnote Examples include directives like 'Go and say…' or 'Go and do…'.
213
At its core, life is described as a relationship with whom?
God ## Footnote Humans are inherently oriented towards others, reflecting their covenant with God.
214
What do the **Ten Words** describe?
Our relationship to God in relation to others ## Footnote They are foundational to understanding the covenant with Moses.
215
What action did God take when the people of Israel strayed from the covenant?
Sent the prophets to call them back ## Footnote The prophets identified their transgressions as 'sin'.
216
Define **revelation** in the context of this chapter.
A higher order of knowledge from divine revelation ## Footnote It is how people come to know God through His works.
217
What is meant by **vocation**?
A call from God to a way of life founded on love ## Footnote This can lead to various life paths, including priesthood or family life.
218
What is a **call story** in the Bible?
A narrative where God calls individuals and imparts a mission ## Footnote It follows a pattern of encounter, mission, and reassurance.
219
What is a **covenant**?
A binding agreement between two parties outlining conditions and obligations ## Footnote God's covenant is a bond of love that invites a free response.
220
Who is associated with the concept of **Teleology**?
Aristotle ## Footnote Teleology is the study of the finality of what humans are intended to be.
221
What does **Happiness** refer to in the context of good life and good action?
Live well and do well ## Footnote Happiness is linked to the quality of one's actions and life.
222
Define **Teleological thinking**.
Seeking understanding in terms of the ultimate goal, purpose or end of something ## Footnote This approach focuses on the intended outcomes of actions.
223
What is meant by **Virtue**?
Habits of excellence developed by using reason to guide actions ## Footnote Virtue is essential for achieving happiness.
224
The concept of **The Mean** suggests that moderation in all things results in what?
Happiness ## Footnote For example, courage is the mean between cowardice and recklessness.
225
What is **Theoretical Reason** concerned with?
Understanding how human beings are governed by the laws of nature ## Footnote It involves reasoning about cause and effect.
226
Define **Empiricism**.
Knowledge that comes from experience or evidence perceived by the senses ## Footnote Empiricism emphasizes observation and experience.
227
What does **Practical reason** move away from?
Empirical knowledge ## Footnote It focuses on the moral dimension guiding human behavior.
228
What does **a priori** refer to?
Categories of knowledge that come before experience ## Footnote Examples include concepts like God, freedom, and immortality.
229
What is meant by **A posteriori** knowledge?
Categories of knowledge that come after or as a result of experience ## Footnote This type of knowledge is based on empirical evidence.
230
Define **Good will**.
The will to do our duty for no other reason than that it is our duty ## Footnote Good will is central to moral philosophy.
231
What is an **Ethical maxim**?
A principle on which every rational person would act if reason governed their actions ## Footnote It reflects universal applicability of moral duties.
232
True or false: **Subjective** relates to a person's own perception and understanding of reality.
TRUE ## Footnote Subjective experiences arise from individual feelings and perceptions.
233
True or false: **Objective** refers to conditions independent of individual perceptions.
TRUE ## Footnote Objective realities exist outside personal feelings.
234
What does **Deontology** emphasize?
Duty or the necessity of acting from respect for the moral law ## Footnote It focuses on the inherent rightness of actions.
235
Define **Moral imperative**.
Taking action because it is right, not just wise or prudent ## Footnote It reflects a universal law of how one ought to act.
236
What is **Goodness** found in?
The absolute uniqueness and singularity of each thing ## Footnote Goodness is tied to the distinct nature of entities.
237
What does **The Human Face** symbolize?
An authority where traces of God can be found ## Footnote It reflects a humble God who makes room for others.
238
What does the **ethical** signify in relation to human beings?
Our tendency to search for the good ## Footnote The ethical is a fundamental aspect of what it means to be human.
239
The ethical is described as the education of our **freedom**. What does it seek?
The fulfillment or wholeness of human life by way of our actions ## Footnote This highlights the importance of our actions in achieving ethical living.
240
What does the ethical presume about human actions?
We can be held responsible for what we do ## Footnote This emphasizes accountability in ethical considerations.
241
What is the organizing principle that ethical theories draw their explanatory power from?
Happiness is the aim of the good life (Aristotle) ## Footnote This principle reflects Aristotle's view on ethics.
242
According to **Kant**, what is an expression of the good will?
Moral duty and obligation ## Footnote Kant emphasizes the importance of duty in ethical behavior.
243
For **Levinas**, what does the ethical impact of the face of the other represent?
A trace of the Good, or God ## Footnote This perspective highlights the relational aspect of ethics.
244
What type of **reason** is emphasized in ethical theories?
Practical reason ## Footnote This reason accompanies our inclinations and helps make judgments regarding our duties.
245
What does the Christian tradition say about our **identity**?
Our relationship with God is part of our identity ## Footnote It is not just about our actions; it encompasses our relationship with God.
246
According to tradition, where does our relationship with God begin?
From conception ## Footnote This relationship is considered the heart of the self.
247
What does the **Catechism of the Catholic Church** say the soul is?
The spiritual principle of humans ## Footnote It is our innermost aspect and is created immediately by God.
248
How does the soul relate to the human body?
It animates and gives life to the body ## Footnote The soul makes the body a human body.
249
Is the soul produced by parents?
No, it is created immediately by God ## Footnote The soul is immortal and not a product of human generation.
250
What is the link between the **soul** and **human actions**?
Actions express the self and affect our core ## Footnote They shape our identity and determine our authenticity.
251
What is considered the **highest action** in the context of identity?
Love ## Footnote Love is believed to be eternal and does not come to an end (1 Corinthians 13:8).
252
Fill in the blank: **I am what I do** reflects the idea that our actions __________.
identify us ## Footnote Actions determine how authentic or inauthentic we are.
253
What is **Analytic Philosophy**?
The philosophy that examines the language we use to communicate our action and explores what constitutes a meaningful action ## Footnote It provides insight into the human capacity to do something.
254
Who are **Logical Positivists**?
Philosophers who hold that meaning must have sensory experience to back it up ## Footnote They reduce everything to sensory experience, focusing on hard facts that can be observed.
255
Define **Objective Truth**.
Recognition that sensory experience represents reality, facts, and data, which exist independently from individual thought ## Footnote Objective truths are perceptible by all observers, such as the act of running.
256
Define **Subjective Truth**.
Truth that exists solely in the mind and cannot be measured or observed ## Footnote For example, the intention to run is subjective, while the act of running is objective.
257
What is an **Agent**?
One who acts and has the capacity to initiate a course of events ## Footnote An agent is responsible for his or her actions.
258
What is **Action**?
The realization of the power of human freedom, changing the world around us ## Footnote Engaging our capacities of freedom leads to action.
259
Define **Intention**.
The objective of one’s action; what a person intends to do and hopes to accomplish ## Footnote Sometimes outcomes are unintended, yet accountability may still apply.
260
What is a **Motive**?
That which motivates me to act; the reason for doing something that appears as a good reason ## Footnote Motives drive our actions.
261
Define **Freedom**.
The human capacity to choose and to act ## Footnote Freedom involves having possibilities and capacities to act on those possibilities.
262
What is **Predestination**?
The view that behavior is predetermined, whether by God or other causes ## Footnote This perspective contrasts with the idea of free will.
263
Define **Determinism**.
The point of view that human behavior is a product of various causes, not free will ## Footnote These causes can be physical, social, cultural, psychological, or historical.
264
What is **Responsibility**?
The conviction that a person is the agent of his or her actions, presupposing freedom, knowledge, and capability ## Footnote Circumstances can mitigate the degree of responsibility in any given action.
265
Define **Autonomy**.
Personal independence or freedom. ## Footnote Autonomy emphasizes the individual's ability to make choices and govern themselves.
266
What is **Humanism**?
A world view centred on human interest and values, and the individual’s capacity for self-realization through reason and action. ## Footnote Humanists generally reject reference to the divine.
267
Define **Secularism**.
A world view that rejects religion and religious considerations. ## Footnote Secularists accept only critical reason.
268
What does **Person** refer to?
The self as relational. The other is implanted in you as part of your self. ## Footnote This concept emphasizes the interconnectedness of individuals.
269
Define **Moral Stance**.
My moral orientation or direction in life; what I “stand for”. ## Footnote It includes our position on moral issues, what we consider good or bad, and what we value.
270
What is **Character**?
What results from the values we make our own. ## Footnote Character reflects our moral and ethical qualities.
271
Define **Habit**.
A manner of behaving acquired by frequent repetition, prevailing disposition or character. ## Footnote A good habit is a virtue and a bad habit is a vice.
272
What does **Commitment** mean?
Promise or pledge; resolve to carry something out into the future. ## Footnote Commitment involves dedication to a cause or action.
273
Define **Identity**.
The distinguishing character of a person. ## Footnote My identity is largely determined by the moral stance that I take in life.
274
What is **Judgment**?
The concrete decision of what I must do in the situation based on my personal perception and grasp of values. ## Footnote Judgment involves evaluating situations and making decisions accordingly.
275
Define **Narcissism**.
A disorder marked by self-absorption to the exclusion of others. ## Footnote Narcissism can impact relationships and social interactions.
276
What is **Psychiatry**?
A branch of medicine that deals with mental, emotional and behavioural disorders. ## Footnote Psychiatry often involves diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues.
277
Define **Psychology**.
The study of the mind, mental states, behaviour. ## Footnote Psychology seeks to explain why people think, feel, and behave as they do.
278
What is the **Trinity** in Christian faith?
The central mystery of the Christian faith and of Christian life. ## Footnote God alone can make it known to us by revealing himself as Father, Son and Holy Spirit. (CCC #261)
279
In the **Judeo/Christian tradition**, what are the three parties involved in the ethical field?
* God * Self * Others ## Footnote The ethical field is defined by the relationships between these three parties.
280
The concept of **love** in Christian ethics emphasizes the connection between loving God and loving whom?
One’s neighbor ## Footnote As one increases, so should the other.
281
What is referred to as **salvation history** in Christian ethics?
God's loving covenants or promises made over time ## Footnote It reflects God's desire for humans to find their permanent fullness of being.
282
Critics of Christian ethics argue that there is no need for God in ethics because __________.
The existence of God can’t be proven ## Footnote Christians respond that there is proof for God's existence and that morality is based on both reason and revelation.
283
In Christian ethics, morality is based on both **reason** and __________.
Revelation ## Footnote This approach transcends human experience and helps realize one's identity.
284
According to **Aristotle**, what can be found through reason?
Fullness of being ## Footnote This contrasts with Kant's view of defining universal principles based on reason.
285
What are the **two great commandments** according to Jesus?
* Love of God * Love of one’s neighbor ## Footnote This is summarized in Matthew 22:37-44.
286
The covenant with **Moses** resulted in what significant outcome?
Liberation from slavery ## Footnote This is a key aspect of the covenant in Christian ethics.
287
Keeping the covenant is described as a challenge, and Christians are called to be what in the world?
The body of Christ ## Footnote This involves bringing oneself and others back into communion with Jesus.
288
According to Hosea 4:1-2, what societal issues indicate a lack of faithfulness or knowledge of God?
* Swearing * Lying * Murder * Stealing * Adultery ## Footnote These issues reflect the consequences of falling away from God.
289
Define **habit**.
A pattern of behavior that develops over time ## Footnote Habits can be good or bad and influence character development.
290
What is a **virtue**?
A good habit, an inner readiness to accomplish moral good ## Footnote Virtues contribute positively to one's character.
291
Define **vice**.
A bad habit, an inner readiness to accomplish moral evil ## Footnote Vices negatively impact one's character.
292
What does **conscience** refer to?
To act with knowledge, our most secret core where we are alone with God; where God’s inner laws tell us how to do good and avoid evil ## Footnote Conscience guides moral decision-making.
293
Complete the saying: Plant an act; reap a _______.
habit ## Footnote This saying illustrates the progression from actions to habits.
294
Complete the saying: Plant a habit; reap a _______ or a _______.
virtue or a vice ## Footnote This highlights how habits can lead to moral qualities.
295
Complete the saying: Plant a virtue or vice; reap a _______.
character ## Footnote Character is shaped by the virtues and vices we cultivate.
296
Complete the saying: Plant a character, reap a _______.
destiny ## Footnote This emphasizes the long-term impact of character on one's future.
297
What is the **Character Cycle**?
A model which explains how we develop our characters ## Footnote It illustrates the relationship between choices, actions, habits, virtues, vices, and character.
298
What role does **conscience** play in the Character Cycle?
Helps guide us in making decisions based on available choices ## Footnote Conscience is integral to the process of forming habits and character.
299
In the Character Cycle, what do **choices** lead to?
Habits ## Footnote Choices are the starting point for developing habits, which can be good or bad.
300
What do **habits** contribute to in the Character Cycle?
Character ## Footnote The combination of virtues and vices formed from habits defines a person's character.
301
What are the two outcomes of habits in the Character Cycle?
* Virtues * Vices ## Footnote These outcomes reflect the moral quality of the habits developed.
302
What are the **Positive Christian Values** in relationships?
* Faith * Hope * Love * Wisdom * Justice * Courage * Honesty * Unconditional Respect for Persons * Respect for creation (nature) * Reverence for Life * Peacemaking * Forgiveness * Love and Worship of God * Cooperation * Suffering and Sacrifice out of love * Humility * Liberality and Generosity * Chastity (Wholeness) * Gentleness * Temperance * Love * Diligence and hard work * Thoughtfulness * Gratitude ## Footnote These values promote positive relationships and moral integrity.
303
What are the **Negative Secular / Cultural Values** in relationships?
* Disbelief * Despair * Hatred * Ignorance * Injustice * Cowardice * Dishonesty * Racism * Sexism * Ageism * Creation can be used as we see fit * Human life is valuable only if it is useful * Violence * Forgive only at a price; unforgiving * Worship material things - materialism * Competitiveness * “Quick Fix” mentality – easy way out * Pride * Greed and Selfishness * Lust * Anger * Gluttony * Envy * Sloth and laziness * Self-centeredness, inconsiderate * Ingratitude (ungrateful) ## Footnote These values can lead to harmful behaviors and negative relationships.
304
According to **Aristotle’s Doctrine of the Mean**, what is the **Vice of Deficiency** for **Courage**?
Cowardice ## Footnote This illustrates the concept of moderation in virtues.
305
According to **Aristotle’s Doctrine of the Mean**, what is the **Vice of Excess** for **Courage**?
Foolhardiness or Rashness ## Footnote This highlights the balance needed in virtuous behavior.
306
What is the **Vice of Deficiency** for **Generosity**?
Stinginess ## Footnote Generosity is a virtue that requires balance.
307
What is the **Vice of Excess** for **Generosity**?
Extravagance ## Footnote This emphasizes the need for moderation in giving.
308
What is the **Vice of Deficiency** for **Patience**?
Impatience ## Footnote Patience is considered a virtue that requires balance.
309
What is the **Vice of Excess** for **Patience**?
Listlessness (lack of spirit) or Impassivity ## Footnote This shows the importance of active engagement in life.
310
What is the **Vice of Deficiency** for **Perseverance**?
Softness ## Footnote Perseverance is a virtue that requires strength and resilience.
311
What is the **Vice of Excess** for **Perseverance**?
Pertinacity (Stubbornness) ## Footnote This indicates the need for flexibility in determination.
312
What is the **Vice of Deficiency** for **Modesty**?
Shamelessness ## Footnote Modesty is a virtue that promotes humility.
313
What is the **Vice of Excess** for **Modesty**?
Shyness ## Footnote This highlights the balance needed in self-presentation.
314
What is the **Vice of Deficiency** for **Humility**?
Pride ## Footnote Humility is essential for healthy relationships.
315
What is the **Vice of Excess** for **Humility**?
Obsequiousness (servility/subservience) ## Footnote This shows the importance of maintaining self-respect.
316
What is the **Vice of Deficiency** for **Compassion**?
Callousness (insensitivity) ## Footnote Compassion is a virtue that fosters empathy.
317
What is the **Vice of Excess** for **Compassion**?
Over-protectiveness ## Footnote This indicates the need for balance in caring for others.
318
What is the **Vice of Deficiency** for **Self-esteem**?
Self-deprecation (focusing on faults, real or imagined) ## Footnote Healthy self-esteem is crucial for personal development.
319
What is the **Vice of Excess** for **Self-esteem**?
Vanity (focusing on strengths, real or imagined) ## Footnote This emphasizes the need for a balanced self-view.
320
What is the **Vice of Deficiency** for **Friendliness**?
Hostility ## Footnote Friendliness is vital for building positive relationships.
321
What is the **Vice of Excess** for **Friendliness**?
Flattery ## Footnote This highlights the importance of genuine interactions.
322
What is the **Vice of Deficiency** for **Ambition**?
Sloth ## Footnote Ambition drives personal and professional growth.
323
What is the **Vice of Excess** for **Ambition**?
Excessive Ambition ## Footnote This indicates the need for balance in pursuing goals.
324
What is the **Vice of Deficiency** for **Prudence**?
Carelessness ## Footnote Prudence is essential for making wise decisions.
325
What is the **Vice of Excess** for **Prudence**?
Excessive cautiousness ## Footnote This shows the importance of taking calculated risks.
326
What is the **Vice of Deficiency** for **Hope**?
Despair ## Footnote Hope is crucial for maintaining a positive outlook.
327
What is the **Vice of Excess** for **Hope**?
Stubborn resistance to reality ## Footnote This indicates the need for realistic optimism.
328
According to **Aristotle**, humans find happiness within __________.
community ## Footnote Aristotle emphasizes the importance of social connections for achieving happiness.
329
For **Aristotle**, to be happy is to __________.
live well and to do well ## Footnote This reflects Aristotle's view on the relationship between virtue and happiness.
330
According to **Aristotle**, human activity aims at achieving the __________.
good ## Footnote Aristotle believes that the ultimate goal of human actions is to attain the good.
331
In **Aristotle's** view, the happiest form of happiness is based on __________.
rational behaviour ## Footnote He argues that rationality is the highest capacity of humans.
332
Aristotle advises to be __________ in all things.
moderate ## Footnote This principle is part of Aristotle's doctrine of the mean.
333
For **Kant**, ethics is a matter of one’s inner conviction and __________.
autonomy ## Footnote Kant emphasizes the importance of personal moral agency.
334
A human act is morally good when it is done for the sake of __________, according to **Kant**.
duty ## Footnote Kant's moral philosophy centers on the concept of duty.
335
According to **Kant**, the use of reason is central to moral life – duty is determined by __________.
principles ## Footnote Kant believes that moral actions must be guided by rational principles.
336
Kant states: I must act in such a way that the principles according to which I act should become a __________.
universal law ## Footnote This is known as the categorical imperative in Kant's ethics.
337
According to **Kant**, people may not be treated simply as a means but always at the same time as an __________.
ends ## Footnote This principle reflects Kant's respect for human dignity.
338
The central question in philosophy, according to **Levinas**, is: where is the __________?
Good ## Footnote Levinas focuses on the nature of goodness in human relationships.
339
For **Levinas**, each thing or person is a unique expression of the __________.
Good ## Footnote This highlights the value of individual existence in Levinas's thought.
340
According to **Levinas**, the face of another calls me to __________.
respond ## Footnote This emphasizes the ethical responsibility towards others.
341
In **Levinas's** philosophy, goodness translates into responsibility for the __________.
other ## Footnote Levinas stresses the importance of ethical relationships with others.
342
How would **Aristotle** approach the situation of **The Scream**?
Using reason to help the other, considering risk to self, applying the principle of the mean ## Footnote Aristotle would evaluate the situation based on the balance between self-preservation and the duty to assist others.
343
How would **Kant** respond to **The Scream**?
Take action based on how you would want others to react; duty to respond to the scream ## Footnote Kant emphasizes the moral obligation to help others in distress.
344
What is **Levinas**'s perspective on **The Scream**?
Experience the suffering of another; responsibility to respond; humility to the other's being ## Footnote Levinas focuses on the ethical call to respond to the suffering of others.
345
In the situation of **The Beggar**, what does **Aristotle** consider when deciding to give money?
Determine the mean between being cheap, generous, or wasteful; consider intelligibility of actions ## Footnote Aristotle's approach involves evaluating the virtue of generosity in relation to achieving the good life.
346
How does **Kant** view the obligation to respond to **The Beggar**?
The person is an end, not a means; respond based on universal maxim to help those in need ## Footnote Kant emphasizes the moral duty to assist others without selfish motives.
347
What does **Levinas** say about the state of the **Beggar**?
Recognize the beggar's suffering; respond to their need; humility and goodness arise from the encounter ## Footnote Levinas highlights the ethical responsibility that comes from recognizing another's suffering.
348
What is **Kant's** view on **Obligation**?
Obey reasonable requests; fulfill duties based on universal principles; liberation through obligations ## Footnote Kant argues for the importance of fulfilling moral duties even when they do not benefit oneself directly.
349
What does **Kant** say about telling the truth in the context of **Obligation**?
Should tell the truth even if it means lying to protect someone ## Footnote Kant's ethics prioritize truthfulness as a duty, regardless of the consequences.
350
How does **Levinas** view the concept of **Obligation**?
The face liberates me; ethical responsibility to others ## Footnote Levinas emphasizes the transformative power of recognizing the humanity in others.
351
What is **Aristotle's** stance on **The Intolerable**?
Cannot tolerate injustices like child abuse; develop virtue of patience in parenting ## Footnote Aristotle believes in striving for excellence in moral character and parenting.
352
What universal maxim does **Levinas** suggest regarding **The Intolerable**?
Do not treat a person simply as a means; respond to injustices ## Footnote Levinas stresses the ethical imperative to recognize and act against injustices.
353
What does **Levinas** say about experiencing the face of suffering in **The Intolerable**?
Summoned to act against injustices; the face makes injustices real ## Footnote Levinas highlights the profound impact of witnessing another's suffering on moral action.
354
What are **Kant's** three main points regarding ethics?
* Act out of duty * Treat others how you want to be treated * Treat others as ends, not means ## Footnote These principles form the foundation of Kantian ethics.
Grade 12 Religion
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