1
Q
What is the medical costs of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke?
A
503 billion (2010)
2
Q
How many Americans suffer from Cardiovascular Disease ?
A
1 in 3 Americans
3
Q
How many deaths occur due to Cardiovascular Disease?
A
2,400 a day
4
Q
What are the risk factors of Cardiovascular Disease?
A
- High Serum Cholesterol
- Physical Inactivity
- Stress
- Obesity
- Smoking
- High Blood Pressure
5
Q
What is the function of the Circulatory System?
A
To circulate blood and lymph throughout the body
6
Q
What does the Circulatory System consist of ?
A
- The Heart
- Blood Vessels
7
Q
What are some characteristics of Blood Vessels in the Circulatory System?
A
- 60,000 miles
- Arteries
- Capillaries
- Veins
8
Q
What are some characteristics of the Heart?
A
- 75 beats/ min
- 300 L pumped/ day
- 4 Chambers, 4 Valves
9
Q
What are Varicose Veins?
A
Enlarged veins most commonly appearing in the legs and feet
10
Q
What are some characteristics of Varicose Veins?
A
- Veins have 1- way Valves
- Skeletal Muscle compression
- Weak Valves = Blood pools
11
Q
Explain blood flow through the Heart
A
- The (R) Atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the (R) Ventricle through the Trsicuspid Valve.
- The (R) Ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs through the Pulmonary Valve.
- The (L) Atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the (L) Ventricle through the Mitral Valve.
- The (L) Ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood through the Aortic Valve out to the rest of the body.
12
Q
What is Hypertension (HTN)?
A
A condition in which the force of the blood against the Artery walls is too high
13
Q
Who is most at risk for HTN ?
A
- African Americans
- Smokers, Drinkers
- Overweight / inactive
- Men less than 55 years old
- Women older than 55 years old
- NSAIDS, Decongestants, Birth Control
- High salt intakers
- Family History
14
Q
What is HTN also known as and Why?
A
Silent killer because often times there are no symptoms experienced
15
Q
What are some symptoms of HTN ?
A
- Severe headache
- Fatigue/Confusion
- Vision problems
- Chest pain
- Difficultly breathing
- Irregular heart beat/pound in chest
16
Q
How many people affected by HTN are properly treated ?
A
1 out of 4
17
Q
What are medications for HTN?
A
- Diuretics: (increase) salt and H2O secretion
- ACE Inhibitors: (decrease) vessel constriction
- Beta Blockers: decrease Adrenalin, decrease pulse
- Vasodilators: increase vessel diameter
- Ca Channel Blockers: increase vessel diameter
18
Q
What are the preventions for HTN?
A
- Quit smoking
- Lower Calorie intake
- Lower alcohol consumption
- Increase eating garlic, onions and blueberries
- Regular aerobic exercise
19
Q
What is HTN often indicative of ?
A
Atherosclerosis
20
Q
What is Atherosclerosis?
A
A disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty materiel on their inner walls.
21
Q
What are the age-related changes in the Cardiovascular System ?
A
- Blood Vessel changes = Atherosclerosis
- decrease elasticity + decreased diameter (plaque) -> Increased Blood pressure
- 90% of Heart attacks
- 80% of Strokes
22
Q
What cause age-related changes in the Cardiovascular System ?
A
“Western Diet”, high in cholesterol, saturated and trans fats.
23
Q
What is Arteriosclerosis?
A
with calcification: “hardening of the arteries.”
24
Q
Why do blood vessels clog? Atherogenesis Theory ?
A
- Saturated, trans fats are ATHEROGENIC; oxidized fat deposits in artery begins early in life.
-Atherogenesis Theory = hypercholesterolemia
Oxidized LDL
Inflammation/ Gum Disease
25
What kind of foods should be avoided for the Cardiovascular System?
Foods that contain saturated fats and Hydrogenated fats (hydrogenation increases shelf life).
26
What are some saturated fats?
SATURATED FATS = Animal Fats / Solids
27
What are some unsaturated fats?
Unsaturated fats = Good Fats
- Plant Fats
- Liquids (oils) like Olive Oil, or Omega 3 (fish Oil)
28
What numbers are valuable to know for taking care of the Cardiovascular System?
- Cholesterol
- Triglyceride
- Cholesterol Carriers; LDL and HDL
29
What numbers are considered too high, borderline, and normal for Triglycerides?
- HIGH= Greater than or equal to 200
- BORDERLINE= 150-199
- NORMAL= less than 150
30
What numbers are considered too high, borderline, and normal for Cholesterol?
- HIGH= greater than or equal to 240
- BORDERLINE= 200-239
- NORMAL/DESIRABLE= less than 200
31
What numbers are considered desirable for Cholesterol carrier HDL?
High Density Lipoprotein “good” (to liver): greater than 40 mg/dl is desirable
32
What numbers are considered desirable for Cholesterol carrier LDL?
Low Density Lipoprotein “bad” (away from liver): less than 100 mg/dl is desirable
33
What are the age-related changes of the heart? What reverses these changes?
Changes=
- increased size (LVH): Valves thicken
- increased blood pressure
- decreased cardiac output: 5.2 L/min -> 2.4
- decreased maximum heart rate: 220 bpm -age
*EXERCISE SLOWS / REVERSES DECLINE OF CVS.
34
What is the Left Ventricle Hypertrophy?
Enlargement and thickening (hypertrophy) of the walls of the heart’s main pumping chamber, left ventricle.
35
What is Angina? What is it also known as?
A type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. It’s also known as Ischemic chest pain.
36
What are the early warnings of Angina?
- Cardiac/Chest pain; due to construction of the coronary arteries.
- Occurs with increased heart rate; exercise, emotions
- Nitroglycerin dilated arteries
37
What are signs of a heart attack?
▪️Pressure in the center of chest
▪️Pain in shoulders, neck or arms
▪️Chest discomfort with fainting, sweating or nausea
▪️Pain radiating down arm
38
What is CAD ?
Coronary Artery Disease is damage or disease to the hearts blood vessels
39
What is the percentage of women affected by CAD? Men? Age?
▪️12% Women
| ▪️20% Men by 65 years old
40
What are the characteristics of CAD?
▪️DECREASED blood flow thru coronary arteries
▪️DECREASED O2 delivery to cardiac muscle
▪️Cardiac muscle death
▪️Blood Clot on plaque, Thrombus.
▪️Mobile Clot, Embolus.
41
What is Thrombus ?
A blood clot in the vascular system (Circulatory system). It stays attached to the site where it was formed and impedes blood flow.
42
What is Embolus?
A particle or mass (most typically, a blood clot) that travels through the blood stream.
43
How is Heart disease diagnosed?
```
By diagnostic tests such as:
▪️Electrocardiogram(ECG)
▪️Echocardiogram
▪️Exercise Stress Test
▪️Cardiac Catheterization
```
44
What are some treatments for Heart Disease ?
▪️Clotbuster Drugs: TPA, Streptokinase
▪️Angioplasty
▪️Stent
▪️Bypass
45
What are the typical meds for heart patients ?
▪️Aspirin: can cool reactions raging in heart arteries and in the colon. As well as Control inflammation.
▪️Statins: lower cholesterol also drives down levels of CRP, etc.
▪️Beta Blockers and ACE Inhibitors
46
What are the Primary Organs of the Immune System?
▪️Bone Marrow
| ▪️Thymus
47
Primary Organs are also known for what?
“Generation”
48
What are the individual functions of the Primary Organs?
▪️Bone Marrow: Generate Blood cells
| ▪️Thymus: Generate mature T lymphocytes (WBCs) that help the immune system fight off illness
49
What are the Secondary Organs of the Immune System?
▪️Spleen
| ▪️Lymph Nodes
50
Secondary Organs are also known for what?
Storage
51
What are the individual functions of the Secondary Organs ?
▪️Spleen: acts as a filter for blood as a part of the immune system
▪️Lymph Nodes: act as filters for foreign particles and cancer cells
52
What is GALT?
GALT- Gut-Associated lymphoid tissue is a component of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) which works in the immune system to protect the body from invasion in the gut.
53
What is CALT?
CALT- Cutaneous-Associated lymphoid tissue mount cutaneous responses to protect the body tracts and skin.
54
What so special about blood in the medical field? Why?
It is the most studied human immune tissue used to assess health status. “Blood is informative.”
55
Why are there more RBCs than WBCs ?
Because if blood
56
When is blood pink and what does that indicate ?
Because there are more WBCs being produced in the body than RBCs. This is indicative of Leukemia.
57
Which of the cells carry oxygen?
RBCs
58
Where are RBCs made?
Inside the bones, in the bone marrow.
59
What is packed in RBCs?
Hemoglobin which had iron that bonds carbon dioxide.
60
Why do women have to pay more attention to their iron ?
Because of menstraul cycle. Can have anemia.
61
Where do antibodies come from?
WBCs from Capital B Cells
62
What are WBCs?
White blood cells are cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against infectious disease and foreign invaders
63
What is Plasma?
▪️Liquid portion of blood
▪️Serum = liquid post clotting
▪️Antibodies
64
What are the (3) R’s for the function of lymphocytes?
▪️Recognize
▪️Respond
▪️Remember
65
What are lymphocytes?
WBCs
66
What is significant about cells in the immune system composition?
CELLS:
▪️Diverse functions
▪️Division is labor
▪️Collaboration
67
What is the Vaccination Principle?
Remembering
| “Specific memory is the hallmark of the adaptive immune response.”
68
What is vaccination?
A controlled first exposure to a pathogen
69
Vaccines are recommended specifically for who?
The elderly
70
What vaccinations are recommended for the elderly?
▪️Peunovax: Pneumonia
▪️Influenza: Flus
▪️Herpes Zoster: Shingles
71
What is Shingles?
Another form of Chickenpox; a virus that hangs In the nerve system.
72
What happens with aging if the immune system?
▪️”After puberty, the thymus slowly shrinks and is replaced by fat.”
▪️Fewer T Cells (immune response)
▪️Autoimmunity (attacking self tissue)
▪️Cancer (A failure to recognize altered self tissue)
73
What are the main causes of cancer?
▪️Tobacco
| ▪️Diet
74
Is cancer fast developing?
No, it takes time to develop, “evolve.”
75
What challenges are presented for medical officials in regard to cancer?
▪️Diagnosis
| ▪️Treatment
76
When are you at higher risk for developing cancer?
The older you are the higher the risk for cancer. (65+ years old)
77
What percentage of all cancer are cancers of the Immune System?
10%
78
What is lymphatic cancers?
A cancer of the lymphatic system; germ fighting network.
79
What is leukemia?
A malignant progressive disease in which the bone marrow and other blood forming organs produce increased numbers of immature or abnormal leukocytes. These suppress the production of normal blood cells.
80
What are signs of Leukemia?
```
Signs:
▪️bruising
▪️weakness
▪️bone pain
▪️frequent infections
```
81
What are treatments for leukemia?
▪️Chemotherapy
▪️Radiotherapy
▪️Bone Marrow Transplant
▪️ Therapeutic Vaccines (MAbs)
82
What are examples of age-related Leukemia’s?
▪️Benign Monoclonal Gammopathy: Plasma Cell Cancer
▪️Waldenstroms Macroglobulinemia: abnormal plasma cells (viscous blood)
▪️CLL - Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia: accumulation of immature lymphocytes
▪️Multiple Myeloma: Plasma Cell Cancer
83
Where do Respiratory System problems come from?
▪️smoking
▪️pollution
▪️infection
84
What is COPD?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
85
What are Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases?
▪️chronic bronchitis
▪️emphysema
▪️asthma
86
What is in the Upper Respiratory Tract? What is it’s nickname?
▪️Nasal + Oral Cavities
▪️Pharynx and Larynx
Nickname: “Dirty”
87
What is in the Lower Respiratory Tract? What is it’s nickname?
▪️Trachea
▪️Bronchi, Bronchioles
▪️Alveoli
Nickname: “Clean”
88
What is the function of the Mucociliary Escalator of the Respiratory Tract?
“Traps” and removes particles
89
What happens to the function of the Mucociliary Escalator of the Respiratory Tract with aging?
Functions decline with age and smoking history.
90
What is the percentage for death amongst people diagnosed with Lung Cancer?
27%
91
How many cases of smokers that have Lung Cancer?
9 out of 10 people
92
What is the survival rate for Lung Cancer patients and percentage of survivors? What does this mean?
▪️ 5 year survival rate < 20%
Meaning after being diagnosed there is a 5 year survival rate and less than 20% of those diagnosed actually make it 5 years after being diagnosed.
93
What are indications of a Lung Cancer patient being a smoker?
▪️Emphysema
| ▪️Smoker’s tongue
94
How much in healthcare costs for Lung Cancer?
90 billion/ year
95
Why did the death rate for Lung Cancer amongst women rise from 1950-2000?
The smoking boom; cigarettes where being heavily advertised and more women started smoking.
96
What occurs during Respiratory System aging?
▪️breathing capacity decreases; airflow begins decreasing @ 30, 165 L/min -> 75 L/min, and Kyphosis contributes to impaired breathing.
▪️decreased exercise inability; decreased stamina
▪️risks of infections; bronchitis, Pneumonia, and Influenza
▪️Alveoli production stops
97
How is Pneumonia acquired?
```
▪️community-acquired
▪️hospital-acquired
▪️aspiration pneumonia; due to swallowing complications
▪️bacterial types; antibiotics
▪️viral types; anti-virals
```
98
What is Influenza?
Viral disease of the Respiratory system
99
How many people are hospitalized due to Influenza? Deaths?
▪️ 200,000 hospitalized/yr
| ▪️36,000 deaths
100
What are the different type of Flus?
```
▪️Seasonal Flu;
Most common strain
Prevention w/ vaccination
▪️H1N1 Swine Flu;
New 2009 strain
```
101
What is the body’s largest organ and what percentage of body weight does it make up for?
The skin (integumentary system) making up 7% of body weight.
102
What is the measurement for skin?
15-20 ft ^2
103
What concerns are raised about the integumentary system?
▪️graying hair
▪️wrinkling skin
▪️cancer
104
What are the functions of the skin?
▪️retain water (Keratin=waterproofing)
▪️Infection barrier
▪️radiation protection (pigment cells)
▪️thermoregulation (sweat glands + blood vessels)
▪️sensation (pain, temperature, and touch)
105
What are the layers of the skin?
▪️Epidermis; dead/shed layer
▪️ Dermis; connective tissue also tattoo penetration layer
▪️ Hypodermis; 1/2 of body’s fat stored here
106
Why does skin wrinkle?
▪️Loss of subcutaneous fat.
🔽 elasticity and tone due to collagen changes
107
What accelerates skin wrinkling?
▪️smoking
▪️sunlight
▪️psychologically distressing
108
What are some cosmetic surgeries for skin?
▪️Needling
▪️Liposuction
▪️Botox
*In which, they are all temporary!
109
How much is spent on cosmetic surgeries?
$8+ billion spent per year
110
Why does hair turn gray?
“Hair color is determined by melanin, melanocytes at follicle base.
▪️melanocytes senesce,die then cause a decrease in pigment
▪️absence of pigment = white/graying
▪️variability = individual follicles
111
At what age do people experience graying of hair?
▪️30 years old = men
| ▪️35 years old = women
112
Why does hair fall out ?
▪️Alopecia
▪️99% hereditary (pattern baldness)
▪️genes (either parent) + androgens (DHT)
113
How many people have Alopecia?
▪️60,000,000 people
| ▪️66% men
114
What is an example of pattern baldness?
Tonsural (Monk’s ring); side/back follicles resist DHT.
115
What is DHT?
Dihydrotestosterone a sex steroid and hormone.
116
What do people do to address hair loss?
▪️Artificial hair: wigs, extensions, etc.
▪️Hair Transplant: redistribute follicles (“Plugs”)
▪️Serendipitous Drugs:
- Propecia, a pill; developed for prostate hyperplasia.
- Rogain, a spray; developed for HTN.
117
What are age spots?
▪️uneven distribution of melanin
| ▪️accumulation of lipofuscin
118
What is Herpes-Zoster? AKA?
A herpesvirus that causes shingles and chickenpox.
119
What areas on/in the body are affected by Herpes Zoster? What are the symptoms?
▪️Back/ Chest
▪️Nerve endings
SYMPTOM(S): itching and pain
120
What is a preventative for Herpes Zoster? Treatments?
Prevention: zostavax
Treatment: acyclovir
121
What Pressure/ Bed sores? Who is a common risk? Where is it an issue?
Bed sores are localized damage to the skin and/or underlying tissue that usually occur over a bony prominence as a result of long term pressure.
▪️the bed-ridden and paralyzed are a common risk. Hence, this is a major issue at nursing homes.
122
What age and percentage are exposed to skin cancer?
80% of lifetime expectancy by 18 year olds
123
What increases the risk of skin cancer by 50%?
Serious sunburn
124
Why is skin cancer an increasing problem?
Increasing problem due to the hole in the ozone layer
125
How many diagnosis per year of skin cancer?
1 pit of 5 - 450,000 people/ yr
126
How is skin cancer preventable?
▪️Avoid tanning booths/beds
▪️sunscreen
▪️shade
▪️hats, sunglasses, clothing
127
What are three main types of skin cancer (from most common to least)?
```
▪️Basal Cell Carcinoma;
-80% of skin cancers
-most common of ALL cancers
▪️Squamous Cell Carcinoma;
-16% is skin cancers
-crusts/bleeds
▪️Malignant Melanoma;
-4% of skin cancers
-invasive is serious
```
128
What is the percentage and age of those susceptible to skin cancer?
▪️40-50%
| ▪️50+ year olds
129
How to check for skin cancer?
```
Spot on skin:
▪️asymmetry
▪️border irregularity
▪️color
▪️1/4 inch diameter
```
130
How is skin cancer diagnosed?
▪️by a Dermatologist
▪️using a Derma-scope
▪️performing a Biopsy
131
What are some treatments for skin cancer?
```
Types of skin cancer/ stage surgical
▪️immunotherapy
▪️cryosurgery
▪️chemotherapy
▪️photodynamic therapy
▪️radiation therapy
▪️MAbs; Monoclonal antibodies
```
132
How many Americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime?
1 in 5
133
How many bones does the skeletal system consist of? How much body weight does it make up for?
▪️206 bones
| ▪️roughly 50% body weight
134
What is calcium phosphate?
Non living matrix
135
What kind of tissue is bone?
Living tissue
136
What is the primary concerns in regards to the aging of the skeletal system?
▪️brittleness
| ▪️rib count
137
What are the functions of bones?
▪️muscle attachment points
▪️viral organ protection: skull, spinal chord, and rib cage.
▪️Ca, Na, P, and K storage
▪️blood cell formation site = bone marrow
138
What is osteoblasts?
Is ossification; process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts.
139
What is osteoclasts?
Bone resorption; a large multinucleated bone cell which absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing.
140
What is osteopenia?
A condition that occurs when the body doesn’t make new bone as quickly as it reabsorbs old bone.
141
What occurs during osteoporosis? Who experiences it?
Increased bone resorption rate;
⬇️estrogen➡️⬇️osteoblast function
▪️65% of women > 65 yo
▪️25% w. Hip fracture die in < 1 yr
▪️80% have severe mobility issues
▪️80% femur fractures
⬇️collagen + ⬆️mineral➡️⬆️brittleness
142
What are some preventatives of osteoporosis? Treatments?
```
▪️Prevention:
-milk
-Ca tablets
-exercise/yoga
-nutrition; Ca & Vitamin D for absorption
▪️Treatment(s):
-ERT
-fosomax
```
143
How long after a hip replacement so patients feel pain? How long does this replacement hold up?
▪️90-95% pain free for 10 years
| ▪️80% probability of lasting 20 years
144
What percentage of artificial knee replacements do women represent of the 400,000 replacements per year? What advanced about the procedure?
▪️women represent 60%
| ▪️new women’s implant; because knee differs than men’s.
145
How are joints affected by arthritis?
Causes inflammation of the joints
146
What is the function of synovial joints?
Permit movement
147
What is the functions of the synovial membrane?
▪️lines capsule
| ▪️secrete synovial fluid
148
What are the three types of arthritis?
▪️Gouty Arthritis
▪️genetics
▪️diet
149
What is the most common type of arthritis? What is the third?
▪️osteoarthritis is the most common
| ▪️rheumatoid is third
150
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
A chronic inflammatory disorder.”
▪️Autoimmune: inflammation of synovial membrane
▪️Genetic: most common in women
▪️Small joints: hands, feet, wrists, ankles and elbows
151
What is osteoarthritis?
“Degeneration of articular cartilage.
▪️bony spur formation
▪️lower limbs, vertebral fusion
152
What is Gouty Arthritis? What are commonly affected joints?
“A form of arthritis characterized by severe pain, chronic iron acid precipitation and is genetic.
▪️Big toe, elbow, wrist, and knee
153
Why does gout persist? Treatments? Importance of mobility?
“Persists due to high fat consumption + excessive alcohol consumption.
```
▪️Treatments:
-NSAIDS (non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug)
-Aspirin/Ibuprofen (bleeding/ulcers)
-Cox inhibitors (vioxx, Celebrex)
-Steroids (prednisone)
-Surgery
▪️Odd Treatments:
-Emu Oil
-Glucosamine
-Leeches
-Bee stings
-Acupuncture
▪️MOBILITY: Use it or lose it !
```
*Biologic anti-inflammatory drugs neutralize TNfa
154
What is the muscular system composed of?
▪️700 skeletal muscles
▪️contractile cells
▪️contraction- move bones or constrict tubes.
155
What are some concerns for aging of the muscular system?
▪️Loss of tone, coordination
| ▪️Decreased muscle mass, SARCOPENIA.
156
What are the three types of muscle cells?
▪️Skeletal muscle
▪️Cardiac muscle
▪️Smooth muscle
157
What is the function of the skeletal muscle?
▪️moves joints by its strong and rapid contraction
| ▪️each muscle is a bundle of muscle fibers, each of which an enormous multinucleated cell.
158
What is the function of the smooth muscle?
▪️present in the digestive tract, bladder, arteries, and veins.
▪️composed of thin elongated cells (not striated) each of which has nucleus
159
What is the function of the cardiac muscle?
▪️produces the heart beat
160
What is the cellular structure of the muscle?
▪️myocytes (fibers)= long (12”), thin tubular cells, multinucleated, and striated bands.
▪️single muscle fiber
▪️myocytes- packed with myofibrils (contractile units)
▪️myofibrils- made of myofilaments (actin and myosin)
161
What is the sliding Filament Theory?
Shortening of myofibrils ➡️of fibers (of cells) ➡️ of muscle = CONTRACTION
162
What are the three types of muscle cells?
▪️slow-twitch
▪️intermediate-twitch
▪️fast-twitch
163
What are the characteristics of fast-twitch?
▪️Contract fast
▪️fatigue fast
▪️fewer mitochondria
▪️fast-twitch loss with aging
164
What are the characteristics of intermediate-twitch?
▪️% vary based on genetics
▪️exercise builds muscle protein
▪️⬆️ Actin and Myosin production
165
What are the characteristics of slow-twitch?
▪️contract slowly
▪️resist fatigue
▪️more mitochondria
166
What are some skeletal muscle problems?
▪️atrophy: reabsorption and breakdown of tissues
| ▪️SARCOPENIA: loss of skeletal muscle mass
167
What are smooth muscle features?
▪️involuntary control
▪️less organized
▪️slower, rhythmic contractions
▪️lack striating
“esophagus, stomach, intestine, and blood vessels.”
168
What are some smooth muscle problems?
▪️diverticulosis:
-Inflammation/ infection in one or more small pouches in the digestive tract.
▪️hernia
169
What are Cardiac muscle features?
▪️involuntary control
▪️intercalated disks
▪️spontaneous rhythmic contractions
▪️striated
170
What happens to the Cardiac muscle with aging?
```
▪️fat accumulation➡️⬇️conductance
▪️(L) Ventricle hypertrophy
▪️Coronary Artery disease
⬇️
Myocardial Infarction ➡️ ❤️ attack
```
171
What are age-related changes in the skeletal muscle? What delays progression of those changes?
⬇️strength
⬇️endurance
⬇️coordination
⬆️reaction time
*Exercise delays progression!
172
How much time of exercising is enough? What kind of exercises?
```
▪️30-minute of brisk walking benefits health
▪️Aerobics
▪️daily
▪️variety
▪️sustained maximum heart rate
```
173
What is an age-associated muscle disorder? Symptoms?
Parkinson’s Disease:
⬇️dopamine production; needed to balance acetylcholine
⬇️coordination of muscle innervation
Symptoms= tremors, stiffness, and slowness.
BIO 100, D1
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