Exam Two

Question 1

electronegativity

Answer 1

caused by an unequal sharing of electrons

Question 2

hydrogen bonds

Answer 2

form when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

Question 3

heat

Answer 3

a measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular energy

Question 4

transfer of heat

Answer 4

normally occurs from a high temp. object to a low temp. object

Question 5

kinetic energy

Answer 5

the energy of motion

Question 6

specific heat

Answer 6

amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temp. by 1 degree celsius

Question 7

heat of vaporization

Answer 7

amount of heat that must be absorbed for 1g of that substance to be converted to gas

Question 8

cohesion

Answer 8

hydrogen bonds hold water together

Question 9

adhesion

Answer 9

attraction between different substances

Question 10

surface tension

Answer 10

a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid

Question 11

solvent

Answer 11

the dissolving agent of a solution

Question 12

solute

Answer 12

the substance that is dissolved

Question 13

solution

Answer 13

a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances

Question 14

aqueous solution

Answer 14

one in which water is the solvent

Question 15

hydration shell

Answer 15

when an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules

Question 16

acidic

Answer 16

high H+ concentration (0-7)

Question 17

basic

Answer 17

low H+ concentration (7-14)

Question 18

evaporation

Answer 18

liquid to gas

Question 19

transpiration

Answer 19

when water molecules evaporate off of plants

Question 20

evapotranspiration

Answer 20

evaporation + transpiration

Question 21

condensation

Answer 21

gas to liquid

Question 22

precipitation

Answer 22

discharge of water in either liquid or solid state

Question 23

groundwater

Answer 23

water that fills empty spaces and cracks in the soil

Question 24

aquifer

Answer 24

underground soil or rock through which water easily moves

Question 25

porosity

Answer 25

amount of spaces in an aquifer

Question 26

permeability

Answer 26

a measure of how well spaces are connected

Question 27

water table

Answer 27

top of the water in soil

Question 28

recharge

Answer 28

water that enters/adds to ground water (rain)

Question 29

discharge

Answer 29

water leaving an aquifer (wells, lakes, rivers)

Question 30

coagulation

Answer 30

after screening out large objects from the water, coagulant chemicals are added to cause suspended particles to clump together

Question 31

sedimentation

Answer 31

water moves into quiet sedimentation basins where sediments settle out

Question 32

filtration

Answer 32

water is filtered through sand, membranes, or other materials

Question 33

disinfection

Answer 33

chemical additives, ozone, or UV light are used for disinfection in order to eliminate specific contaminants to prevent corrosion of the distribution system or to prevent tooth decay

Question 34

subsidence

Answer 34

lowering of ground surface due to lack of groundwater

Question 35

discharge (Q)

Answer 35

the volume of water passing a location along a stream over some time interval

Question 36

baseflow

Answer 36

groundwater input

Question 37

storm runoff

Answer 37

increases to discharge above baseflow

Question 38

the rising limb

Answer 38

the increase in discharge

Question 39

the peak

Answer 39

maximum discharge following a rain event

Question 40

magnitude of the peak

Answer 40

affected by the severity of the storm and the pathways of water to the stream

Question 41

the recession limb

Answer 41

the return to baseflow conditions

Question 42

lag to peak (lag time)

Answer 42

time between peak rainfall and peak discharge

Question 43

isotopes

Answer 43

two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons but have the same number of protons

Question 44

groups

Answer 44

elements in a vertical column that have the same number of electrons in their valence shell and thus have similar properties

Question 45

periods

Answer 45

each horizontal row contains elements with the same number of electron shells, ordered by increasing atomic number

Question 46

covalent bond

Answer 46

the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms, the shared electrons count as part of each atom's valence shell

Question 47

single covalent bond

Answer 47

sharing of one pair of valence electrons

Question 48

double covalent bond

Answer 48

sharing of two pairs of valence electrons

Question 49

electronegativity

Answer 49

an atom's attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond

Question 50

nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 50

the atoms share the electron equally

Question 51

polar covalent bond

Answer 51

one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally

Question 52

ionic bond

Answer 52

atoms sometimes strip electrons from their bonding partners, both atoms have charges

Question 53

ionization energy

Answer 53

amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom

Question 54

electron affinity

Answer 54

amount of energy released when an electron is added to form a negative ion