Exam Two - endocrine one

Question 1

endocrinology

Answer 1

study of hormones

Question 2

Which long term functions is the endocrine system responsible for?

Answer 2

metabolism
reg of internal environment
reproduction
growth
development

Question 3

What are the 3 mechanisms of action of the endocrine system?

Answer 3

• rates of enzymatic reactions
• transport of ions or molecule across cell membranes
• gene expression and protein synthesis

Question 4

steroid hormones act where?

Answer 4

inside cell

Question 5

nonsteroid hormones act where?

Answer 5

on cell membrane
(peptide and amine)

Question 6

What are the organs of the endocrine system?

Answer 6

hypothalamus
pituitary
pineal
parathyroid
thyroid
adrenal
pancreas

Question 7

What are tropic hormones?

Answer 7

hormones that tell other stuff what to do

Question 8

hypothalamus makes what (tropic) hormones?

Answer 8

TRH
CRH
GHRH
SS
GnRH

Question 9

What hormones does the posterior pituitary make?

Answer 9

oxytocin
vasopressin (ADH)

Question 10

What hormones does the anterior pituitary make?

Answer 10

polactin (PRL)
growth hormone
adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
thyrotropin (TSH)
follicle-stimulating hormone
lutinizing hormone

Question 11

pineal makes…

Answer 11

melatonin

Question 12

parathyroid makes…

Answer 12

PTH

Question 13

thyroid makes…

Answer 13

• triiodothyronine (T3)
• thyroxine (T4)
• calcitonin

Question 14

adrenal makes…

Answer 14

aldosterone
cortisol
androgens

Question 15

pancreas makes…

Answer 15

insulin and glucagon
pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin

Question 16

describe the peptide hormone production process

Answer 16

• mRNA makes preprohormone
• preprohormone chain is directed to ER by a signal sequence
• signal sequence is chopped off in the ER which leaves a prohormone
• prohormone goes from ER to golgi
• golgi chop off peptides and make active hormone
• leave golgi in scretory vessicles
• upon release signal, vessicle enters blood and seeks target tissues

Question 17

peptide hormones are transported where?

Answer 17

the blood

Question 18

the half life of peptide hormones are?

Answer 18

short

Question 19

cellular mechanism of peptide hormones are…

Answer 19

• bind to surface membrane receptors
• cellular response through signal transduction system

Question 20

Where are steroid hormones made generally?

Answer 20

• adrenal cortex of adrenal glands
• gonads

Question 21

Are steroid hormones stored in the body?

Answer 21

no, they are synthesized as needed, not stored

Question 22

how are steroid hormones transported?

Answer 22

through the blood with carrier proteins bound to it

Question 23

half life of steroid hormones are?

Answer 23

long

Question 24

cellular mechanism of action of steroid hormones

Answer 24

• cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors stimulate genomic effects
• cell membrane receptors stimulate nongenomic responses

Question 25

melatonin from pineal gland is derived from?

Answer 25

tryptophan

Question 26

Amine hormones are derived from?

Answer 26

tyrosine

Question 27

one tyrosine makes...

Answer 27

catecholamines

Question 28

What are examples of catecholamines?

Answer 28

- epinephrine - noreponephrine - dopamine (they behave like peptide hormones)

Question 29

two tyrosine molecules make?

Answer 29

thyroid hormones (behave like steroid hormones)

Question 30

The ____ pituitary is an extension of nervous tissue

Answer 30

posterior

Question 31

the _____ pituitary is a true endocrine gland of epithelial origin

Answer 31

anterior

Question 32

The portal system connect ________ and __________ pituitary

Answer 32

hypothalamus, anterior

Question 33

two gonadotropins

Answer 33

- FSH - LH controls hormones in the ovaries and testes sex hormones = steroids

Question 34

thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 34

thyrotropin - other name controls hormone synthesis and secretion in the thyroid thyroid hormones are amines

Question 35

adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Answer 35

also called adrenocorticotropin controls hormone synthesis and secretion in the adrenal cortex cortisol (steroid)

Question 36

prolactin

Answer 36

(PRL) controls milk production in the female breast has a hypothalamic release-inhibiting hormone

Question 37

growth hormone

Answer 37

also called somatotropin affects metabolism stimulates hormone production in the liver has a hypothalamic release-inhibiting hormone

Question 38

vasopressin

Answer 38

(antidiuretic hormone ADH) controls water balance (kidney reabsorption of water) vasocontriction at high levels

Question 39

oxytocin

Answer 39

uterine constriction milk production emotions

Question 40

synergism

Answer 40

the effect of interacting hormones is more than additive

Question 41

permissive hormones

Answer 41

when one hormone has no effect, one hormone has little effect, but together the two hormones have a large effect

Question 42

antagonistic hormones

Answer 42

hormones have opposite effects that work together to maintain homeostasis

Question 43

example of antagonistic hormones

Answer 43

parathyroid hormone and calcitonin regulate Ca homeostasis

Question 44

hypersecretion

Answer 44

- exaggerates a hormones effect - excess hormone often caused by tumors or exogenous iatrogenic treatment - negative feedback may lead to atrophy of gland

Question 45

examples of hyper-secretion diseases

Answer 45

- graves disease - acromegaly

Question 46

hyposecretion

Answer 46

- diminishes or eliminates a hormones effect - deficient hormone: caused by decreases synthesis of materials or atrophy - absence of negative feedback leads to overproduction of hormones

Question 47

example of hyposecretion disease

Answer 47

addisons disease

Question 48

primary pathology

Answer 48

- due to last endocrine gland in the pathway

Question 49

secondary pathology

Answer 49

due to pituitary gland

Question 50

tertiary pathology

Answer 50

due to hypothalamus

Question 51

downregulation

Answer 51

- decreased number of receptors in response to abnormally high hormone levels - target cell is attempting to diminish its responsiveness to the excess hormone - hyperinsulinemia

Question 52

What are some receptor and signal transduction abnormalities

Answer 52

- missing or nonfunctional receptors - cells fail to respond or respond inappropriately to hormone signals