Applied Kinesiology > Exam1 > Flashcards

Exam1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biomechanics

A

Application of mechanical physics to human motion

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2
Q

Anatomical position

A

Standing upright posture, facing straight ahead, feet parallel and close, palms facing forward

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3
Q

5 types of bones

A

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

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4
Q

Long bones

A

Shaft contains the medullary canal:

Phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, and humerus

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5
Q

Short bones

A

Small, cubical shaped, solid bones:

Carpals & tarsals

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6
Q

Flat bones

A

Usually have a curved surface and vary from thick tendons attach to very thin:
Ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle & scapula

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7
Q

Irregular bones

A

Bones throughout the spine & ischium, pubis and maxilla

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8
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Small bones embedded within go tendon of a musclelotendinous:
Patella, 1st metarsophalangeal,
1st metacarpophalangeal

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9
Q

Diaphysis

A

Long cylindrical shaft

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10
Q

Cortex

A

Hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis

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11
Q

Periosteum

A

Dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis

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12
Q

Endosteum

A

Fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex

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13
Q

Medullary (marrow) cavity:

A

Between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow

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14
Q

Epiphysis

A

Ends of long bones formed from cancellous (spongy or trabecular) bone

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15
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis & epiphyses

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16
Q

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

A

Covering of epiphysis to provide cushioning effects and reduce friction

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17
Q

Endochodral bones

A

Develop from hyaline cartilage

Hyaline cartilage masses at embryonic stage

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18
Q

Bone growth

A
  • Longitudinal growth continues as long as epiphyseal plates are open.
  • Shortly after adolescent plates disappear & close.
  • Most close by age 18 but some may be present until 25.
  • growth in diameter continues throughout life.
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19
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cells that form new bone

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20
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells that resort old bone

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21
Q

Cortical bone

A
  • Low porosity 5-30% non mineralized tissue

- Cortical is stiffer & can withstand greater stress, but less strain than cancellous

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22
Q

Cancellous

A
  • Spongy and high porosity, 30-90%

- Cancellous is spongier and can undergo greater strain before fracturing

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23
Q

Wolff’s law

A
  • Bone size & shape are influenced by the direction and magnitude of forces that are habitually applied to them
  • bones reshape themselves based upon the stresses placed upon them
  • bone mass increases over time with increased stress
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24
Q

Synarthrodial

A

Immovable joint

  • suture: found in structures of cranial bones
  • gomphosis: socket of teeth
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25
Amphiarthrodial
Slightly movable joints - syndesmosis:joint held together by strong ligamentous (tibiofibular) - symphysis: separated by fibrocartilage pad (intervertebral disk) - synchondross: separated by hyaline cartilage
26
Diarthrodial
``` Freely moveable joint (synovial joints) joint capsule sounds bony ends forming joints -arthrodial -ginglymus -trochoid -condyloid -enarthrodial -sellar ```
27
Arthrodial
Gliding joint
28
Ginglymus
Hinge joint
29
Trochoid
Pivot, screw joint
30
Condyloid
Knuckle joint
31
Enarthrodial
Ball and socket joint
32
Sellar
Saddle joint
33
How are muscles named?
Visual appearance Anastomotic location Function
34
2 major types of fiber arrangements
Parallel: to length of muscle, produce greater range of motion (flat,fusiform,strap,radiate,sphincter) pennate: usually thin and broad, originate from broad, fibrous sheet like aponeuroses (unipennate,bi pennate,multipennate)
35
Skeletal muscle tissue properties
Irritability Contractility Extensibility Elasticity
36
Intrinsic
Muscles within or belonging solely to body part upon which they act
37
Extrinsic
Muscles that arise or originate outside of body part upon which they act
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Innervation
Segment of nervous system responsible for providing stimulus to muscle fibers within a specific muscle or portion of a muscle
39
Amplitude
Range of muscle fiber length between maximal and minimal lengthening
40
Gaster
Belly or body of muscle the contractile portion of muscle
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Origin
The proximal attachment of a muscle or the part that attaches closest to midline ( the least moveable part)
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Insertion
The distill attachment or part that attaches farthest from midline( most movable part)
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Agonist muscle
Cause joint motion through a specified plane of motion (primary movers)
44
Antagonist muscles
Located opposite side of joint from agonist | Contralateral muscles
45
Kinesiology defined
Study of motion or human movement
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Stabilizers
Surround joint or body part | Contract to fixate or stabilize the area (enable another body part to exert force& move)
47
Synergist
Assist In action of agonist Not necessary prime movers for action Know as guiding muscles
48
Neutralizes
Contract to neutralize the action of another muscle to prevent undesirable movements
49
Neural control of voluntary movement
``` Cerebral cortex Basal ganglia Cerebellum Brain stem Spinal cord ```
50
Cerebral cortex
Highest level of control | Provides for creation of voluntary movement
51
Basal ganglia
Controls maintenance of postures and equilibrium | Controls learned movement such as driving a car
52
Cerebellum
Major integrator of sensory impulses | Provides feedback relative to motion
53
Brain stem
Functions in arousal or maintaining wakeful state
54
Spinal cord
Common pathway between CNS and PNS | Most specific control
55
Proprioceptors
Work in combination with other sense organs to accomplish kinesthesis
56
Kinesthesis
Conscious awareness of position and movement of body in space
57
Golgi tendon organ
Protects us from An excessive contraction by causing its muscle to relax
58
Uniarticular muscle
Cross and act directly only on the joint that they cross | Ex. Brachialis can only pull humerus and ulna closer together
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Biarricular muscle
Cross and act on two different joints
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Multiarticular muscle
Acts on three or more joints due to the line of pull between the origin and insertion crossing multiple joints
61
Levers
Cannot be changed but can be utilized more efficiently - levers are ridged bar that turns about on an axis or rotation or a fulcrum - axis is a point of rotation about which lever moves
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1st class Lever
Axis is between force and resistance | F-—A——R
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2nd class lever
Resistance is between force and axis | F—-R——A
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3rd class lever
Force is between Axis and Resistance | A——F—-R
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Axis,point of Force, point of Resistance
Axis: The point of rotation Point of Force: usually the muscle Point of resistance: body weight plus any added weight
66
Mechanical advantage
Force/Resistance or | length of force arm/ Length of Resistance arm
67
Torque
The turning effect of an eccentric force
68
Eccentric force
Forced applied off center of any direction not in line with the center of rotation of an object with a fixed axis
69
Short lever arm
Best for quickness
70
Wheels and axis
Used primarily to enhance range of motion and speed of movement in the muscleosketal system -if wheel radius is greater than radius of axle then longer force arm takes place resulting in mechanical advantage
71
Pulleys
Single pulleys function to change effective direction of force application
72
Law of motion
- Body in motion is produced by or started by some action of muscular system - motion can not occur without force Types of motion - linear - angular motion
73
Angular displacement
Change in location of a rotating body
74
Linear displacement
Distance that a system moves in a straight line
75
Speed
How fast an object in moving or distance in an amount of time
76
Velocity
Includes the direction and describes the rate of displacement
77
Law of inertia
A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by force; A body at rest tends to remain at the rear unless acted on by a force
78
Inertia
Resistance to action or change | The greater the objects mass the greater the inertia
79
Law of acceleration
A change in the acceleration of body occurs int the same direction as the force that caused it
80
Acceleration
The rate of change in velocity
81
Mass
The amount of matter in the body
82
Law of reaction
For every action the is an opposite and equal reaction
83
Friction
Force that results from resistance been tween surfaces of two objects from moving upon one snother
84
Force formula
Force =mass x acceleration
Applied Kinesiology
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