Exam2 Flashcards

Question

Pathogenesis FeLV vs. FIV

Answer 1

FeLV: vertical and horizontal. Virus shed in secretions, feces, milk and urine. Targets lymphoid organs. Immune response unable to clear infection. Lymph node, bone marrow. FIV: bite wounds, horizontal. High concentration in saliva. Drop lymphocyte count, inversion of T-lymphocyte ratio CD4/CD8. Immune response unable to clear infection. More horizontal Clinical Syndromes Associated with FIV - Lymph nodes: enlarged - Eyes: Uveitis, dementia, seizures, ataxia (CNS). - Immunosuppression: Stomatitis and gingivitis, neoplasia Stomatitis: most common FIV sign, also occurs in FeLV - Late stage event - Calicivirus commonly isolated FIV prevalence and transmission - 80% fighting bite wounds transmission, male toms - Queen to kittens transmission is rare - Risk factors: male, outdoors access, adulthood - Iatrogenic: needles, instruments, transfusions Diagnosis - Detection of antibody - SNAP test - Peak viremia, not antigen test because it falls during asymptomatic stage * **FeLV and FIV are unstable in the environment * **Disinfectants are effective AAFP Concerns Over Vaccination - Not DIVA compatible - Vaccine induced antibodies can persist for more than 4 years in some cats - Vaccinated should be permanently identified and history included in microchip database - Testing cats prior to vaccination is essential to ensure negative status. * *Remove from market in 2017 Worldwide Distribution - 27 felids species identified. Lion 76% - Phylogenetic analysis of FIV proviral sequence endemic.... quite infrequent today though. 100 days survival rate - FeLV 47% at 3 years vs. FIV 94% at 3 years - survival influenced by selective euthanasia

Answer 2

- Both retroviruses with global impact - FeLV can cause tumors (lymphoma mostly), bone marrow suppression syndromes (mainly anemia) and lead to secondary infectious diseases cause by suppressive effects of the virus. It is more pathogenic than FIV, considered responsible for more clinical syndromes than any other agent in cats. Less commonly diagnosed today than 20 years ago. Decreased prevalence - FIV: acquired immunodeficiency disorder that increases opportunistic infections, neurological disease, and tumors. - In most naturally infected cats it itself does not cause severe clinical signs, may live for years without health problems. * *2% in healthy cats and 30% in high-risk cats

Answer 3

- More cats diagnosed with rabies than dogs - Cats can be infected with rabies by contact with raccoons or bats that are infected. - TN 2003, 4 cases Clinical signs - Loss of appetite, anxiety - Infection of the limbic system (hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala) - Restlessness, wandering, Hypersensitivity to stimulus, most commonly presents as "dumb rabies" Vaccines - @ 3 mts, boost @ 1 year, every three years. High-risk may need yearly boosters. - Recombinant canarypox available for cats

Answer 4

- Avian influenza A H7N2 2016-2017 outbreak New York | - Cats recover fully

Answer 5

-Feline CoV Characteristics - Unstable in the environment - Transmission by aerosol, direct contact, fomites, and common vehicle - Many serotypes - Wide range of clinical presentations - PCR, immunofluorescent test, difficult to isolate * **Used to be considered separate from FIPV - Replicates in enterocytes - Highly infectious - High seroconversion in households - Persist 3-7 weeks - Not necessarily a clinical concern FIPV - Systematic and often fatal - Enteric coronavirus is central to the pathogenesis, as FIP is proposed to be the result of mutations in the spike protein. - Tropism from enterocytes to macrophages - Type 1: is the most common, difficult to grow in cell culture, host cell receptor not identified - Type 2: Grows well in cell culture utilizes amino-peptidase-N (APN) receptor. Relatively rare * **FIP Extremely diverse clinical manifestations - Wet form: effusion into the thorax and abdomen. "fluid wave" - Dry form: lesions in eyes and CNS, granulomas may also be found in peritoneal cavity. - Weight loss, dyspnea, pyrexia, muffled heart sounds. * **Immune response to virus causes the disease - Immune complexes complement activation - Vasculitis - TNF-alpha, IL1B, IL-6 - Serum exudation "wet" form - Granulomas "dry form" - Detecting uveitis as first clinical sign in kittens is helpful. - Antibodies present in 90% of cats in catteries and up to 50% in single cat households. - Only 3-5% of FCoV-infected cats will develop FIP in multi-cats households - Nature of mutation not defined - Not reliable technique for differentiating between non-virulent and virulent stains. - FIP disease generally does not spread from cat to cat Molecular testing updates - Idexx RT-PCR for FIP: identify S spike gene protein mutations - Effusions in cats - Tissue biopsies or aspirates in dry FIPV - Blood not useful; viremia is too low - Feces not useful, not sensitive - Retroviruses FcoV antibody titter positive with higher titers more suspicious Treatment - No treatment for healthy seropositive cats - Supportive treatment for FCoV, self-limiting - Palliative treatment for FIPV: anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, supportive care. Fatal in most cases Vaccination - Intranasal - Temperature sensitive - Labeled 16 wks of age - Not a core vaccine - Not generally recommended: it doesn't mean that it is bad.

Answer 6

Panleukopenia virus Herpes-1 Calicivirus Rabies

Answer 7

- FeLV - FIV - Chlamydophilia felis - B. bronchiseptica

Answer 8

- Coronavirus | - Giardia

Answer 9

* *Most economically impactful - Core vaccine - Oral ulcers, blunted papillae Characteristics - Unstable in the environment - Wide range of symptoms - Many serotypes with type specific immunity - Diagnosis by clinical presentation confirmed by ELISA, PRC, Virus isolation - Biological transmission by arthropods (flaviviruses) and by direct contact (pestiviruses). Mucosal disease - 1945 in North America - Inapparent, acute, sporadic with death, chronic, abortion and congenital deformities - neurological, oral ulcers - Spreads fomites, contact, secretions/excretions * **Gut lesions depletion of Peyer's patches and ulcerations Pathogenesis/Epidemiology - PI calves: may or may not present signs of disease - Non-cytopathic and Cytopathic detected in cell culture - Transient infection: Reproductive dysfunction, respiratory complications, diarrhea. - Congenital: cerebellar hypoplasia, spastic or dummy calf, may develop mucosal disease. If grown to breed, then transmission during coitus. - Abortion, stillbirth, seropositive calves possible. Vaccine and Dx - Type 1b most commonly used in PI calves - PI poor doers or die by 1 year of age, shed the virus and continue to infect others - Vaccines MLV not to be used while pregnant - Ear punch diagnosis. ELISA detects viremic PI animal. - Detecting PIs important to protect the herd - Express FP family of vaccine

Answer 10

Foot and mouth disease (Aphthous fever, aftosa) - UK epidemic = 8 billion to eradicate - First animal disease to be recognized as caused by a virus

Answer 11

- Incubation 2-14 days - Very infectious - Caused by a virus (picrnavirus) - Transmitted between countries in meat products - Human infection very uncommon; not to be confused * **It can affect any hoofed creature: cattle, swine, sheep

Answer 12

- Virus related to measles and canine distemper - Quarantine enforced by hanging of guilty laymen and condemning clergy to galleys. This approach led to the eradication of rinderpest from Europe by 20th century Robert Koch - With the introduction of rinderpest into Africa in the late 1800's - The concept of vaccination was introduced as the basis of rinderpest control - Rinderpest was endemic in Africa until 2001 - Mass vaccination of cattle

Answer 13

- First seen in the 1980's in England - Infectious cycle: Ruminants, rendering plant, feed producer, farm/household pets and zoos, ruminants in zoos, ruminants. * *March 1996 discovery that BDE caused vCJD in young people - Now only 6 cases in US reported, but considered atypical and different than the classical form seen in UK -2003 first case reported in US - Mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) is a zoonotic disease: Creutzfeldt-jacob disease in young people. - vCJD is a type pf brain disease within the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy is NOT Creutzfeldt-jacob. DJD affects older people, vCJD mostly young people in late teens and early twenties Characteristics of TSE's (Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies) - Brain degeneration with vacuolation - Last 2.5 or more of Incubation period - Infectious agent is a Prion - Infectivity very hard to inactivate (cooking no effect in neutralizing) - No host immune response - Invariably fatal - Transmitted by common vehicle (meat products) indirect contact and iatrogenic * **PrP: protein infectious particles - Normal Prp is routinely synthesized and metabolized by proteinase K enzymes - PrPBSE is protease K resistant and accumulates in CNS, in lymphoid tissue. - Infected animals can be identified by histopathology and detection of the protease resistant protein by ELISA Control and Prevention - Washington 2018, No recycling of animal proteins to ruminants - Slaughter of affected animals and incineration - Removal of brains and CNS tissue from human food chain

Answer 14

Slowly spreading in the US and Canada

Answer 15

``` IBR: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis MCF: Malignant catarrhal fever RSV: respiratory syncytial virus Vesicular Stomatitis BVD: bovine viral diarrhea TSEs: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies Orf: Contagious Ecthyma CAE: Caprine Arthritis encephalitis Scrapie ```

Answer 16

1. Clinical presentation 2. Virus identification * * Viral diseases within each species are presented in sequence within the taxonomic structure of viruses starting with the large DNA viruses

Answer 17

Properties of Poxviruses - Resistant to environment - Lesions proliferate and some "tumor like" - Orthopxviruses and capripoxviruses induce long lasting immunity - Parapoxiviruses often chronic and no lasting immunity - Dx by clinical appearance, electron microscope or virus isolation - Transmission contact and mechanically by arthropods - Several are zoonotic

Answer 18

- Mild often recurrent - Worldwide distribution - Often associated with poor hygiene - Secondary bacterial mastitis - Causes bovine papular stomatitis and milker's nodules * *Pathognomic ring lesion in udders - Zoonotic, milker's hand Papular Stomatitis - Incidental infection - suckling calves or up to 1 year old - No Tx necessary - Lesions inside and outside mouth, ventral nasal planum, similar to FMD and vesicular stomatitis Dx -Negative contrast electron microscopy

Answer 19

- Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine herpes virus 1: "red nose" infectious pastular vulvovaginitis (IPV), Infectious pastular balanoposthitis (IPB). **Core vaccine** - Malignant catarrhal fever (Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 and 2) - Dermopathic bovine herpesvirus infection (Bovine herpesvirus 2) - Pseudorabies (Suid herpesvirus 1) Viral characteristics - Unstable in environment - Wide range of clinical presentations - Latent infections - Dx virus isolation and PCR - Direct contact, droplet/aerosol - some zoonotic

Answer 20

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (BHV1) - Part of the shipping fever complex, BRD complex - There are many variables that come together to cause disease. No two scenarios are exactly alike but they often culminate in severe disease bacterial pneumonia and death. - Pus in trachea - Pneumonia-killer - Excessive salivation - Pustular (elevated spot in skin containing pus) character of lesions Eye Lesions - Conjunctivitis possible "cancer eye" - Corneal keratitis and ulceration Pustular vulvovaginitis and balanoposthitis: genitals, but do not cause abortion. Change in tropism from respiratory form ``` Bovine Respiratory Disease Scoring system for pre-weaned dairy calves -Eye discharge 0-2 -Nasal discharge 0-4 -Ear droop, head tilt 0-5 -Cough, breathing, temperature: 0-2 each Total: if >5 may be positive ``` BRDC (bovine respiratory disease complex) preventative measures - Quarantine new herd additions - Vaccination - Calves in dry clean bedding - Remains one of the most costly health problems for beef cattle producers. BHV1 in calves - Infection acquire shortly after birth - Possible systematic disease - Pustular lesions in reticulum and respiratory signs BHV1 Abortions - Follows from respiratory infection - Not a distinct virus from that causing IBR - Liver best source of virus for diagnosis - MLV can be used as abortigen in feedlots Epidemiology/Pathogenesis - Aerosol, sexual transmission, - Fragile virus - Latent infection - Easily reactivated with corticosteroids - Easy to isolate in cell culture Control and Prevention - Wide range of vaccines available attenuated and combined with other vaccines - Gene deleted vaccines available - Vaccination prior to shipping from FL

Answer 21

- Caused by all associated herpes viruses - Both types occur in the US - North American type mostly associated with sheep, which are reservoir, no symptoms - Can occur in American Bison - 100% mortality rate in cattle ``` Clinical signs -Bilateral corneal opacity -Afrikans "snotsiekte" -Acquire from wildebeest (Gnu) at calving or young sheep when stressed Dx -PCR ```

Answer 22

AKA: Allerton virus disease, bovine herpes mammillitis, pseudo-lumpy skin disease (Foreign not in US) - Bovine herpes virus 2 infection - not an important disease - Probably transmitted mechanically by flies - **Umbilicated skin lesion (neck pic) - Important in differentiation of Lumpy skin disease (FAD). - Commonly seen in the fall as an explosive outbreak of teat lesions without generalized skin lesions (66% of herd) - Springing heifers are most severely affected - Losses due to mastitis Dx - virus isolation cell culture or electron microscopy - serology of little use - Clinical but need to differentiate other conditions in herd

Answer 23

AKA: Mad itch, Aujezky's disease - Need brain tissue to diagnose - Clinical presentation similar to rabies - Direct contact with infected pigs, but eradicated from pigs in US - No virus excretion at site of self-mutilation hence no transmission - Virus isolated from brain - 100% mortality

Answer 24

Bovine Papillomatosis - Very common infection in young animals and humans - Self healing - Teat warts may need to be removed - Related to bladder cancer - Can not be grown in cell culture - Spread by fomites, curry combs, etc - Cause sarcoids in horses - Virus resistant to environment - "tumor like" lesions proliferate - No serum antibody response - Chronic infections and do not induce long lasting cellular immunity - Fomites and direct contact - PCR, electron microscopy, clinical appearance, difficult to isolate in cell culture

Answer 25

Rotavirus diarrhea - Major source of gastroenteritis in young animals - Fecal-oral-route. - Fever, abdominal pain, loss of fluids, dehydration and even death. - No specific treatment available - Unstable virus in environment - Respiratory and systematic clinical presentations - Diagnosis by clinical presentation, ELISA, PCR, or virus isolation. - Direct contact and droplet

Answer 26

- BRSV infections are common in the US - Clinical signs range from mild infection to severe bronchiolitis and interstitial pneumonia - Related RSV in children * **"Wet lungs***Syncytia*** * *Contributes to IVR and BRSV VAccination - MLV - When first introduced for protection of children led to more severe disease when children encountered the virus

Answer 27

- Also contributes to BRD complex | - Multivalent vaccines against shipping fever routinely include virus

Answer 28

- Rabies - Vesicular Stomatitis (sore mouth of cattle and horses) - Bovine Ephemeral Fever (Three-day sickness, stiffness, bovine epizootic fever) does NOT in USA Rabies - Frequent bellowing - Often present as if they had a foreign body caught in their throat, so be careful do not examine without gloves. - Signs may be subtle; knuckling over or tail head carried high * *The vampire bat** Vaccines CSU vet school recommends annual vaccination of cattle and horses Vesicular stomatitis - Oral ulcers differential list - Endemic in some areas of US - Affects cattle, horses, and pigs - Epidemiology is enigmatic, behaves like an arthropod borne disease, but no viremia

Answer 29

- Orf: contagious ecthyma - Bluetongue - CAE: caprine arthritis encephalitis - OPP: Ovine progressive pneumonia - Scrapie * *Australia 4 sheep for every human Properties of Poxviruses - Resistant to environment - Lesions proliferate "tumor like" - Transmission by contact and mechanically by arthropods - Ortho and Capri = long lasting immunity - Parapox + chronic no lasting immunity - Humans susceptible

Answer 30

AKA: contagious ecthyma, contagious pustular dematitis, sore mouth. -Persistent in the environment - Common sheep 3-6 mts old - Lesions develop as papules, then pustules, then thick tenacious scabs, then spreading to muzzle and nostrils. ***Rarely on the tongue - Fissuring occurs and the scabs are painful - suckling lambs can spread it to mother's udder - Direct contact - Recovered animals are immune for a few months Zoonotic - Humans can get it on hands - Itchy - Occasional lymphadenopathy Dx - Scabs around commissures of the mouth 90% morbidity and low mortality - Negative staining of scabs - Electron microscope Epidemiology and prevention - Vaccination 6-8 wks of age - MLV, painted on a small area of scarified skin inside the thigh - Inspect lambs 1 weeks post vaccination - Immunity is not solid

Answer 31

- Betaretrovirus: Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma virus) - Lentivirus: Sheep lentivirus, CAE Virus

Answer 32

AKA: Maedi-Visna - Economic significance within North America - Leads to decreased milk production, mastitis, weight loss, increased mortality. - Does not kill adults Transmission - Ingestion of colostrum by neonate - Direct, respiratory droplets - Some animals remain asymptomatic but continue to shed infective organisms Clinical signs - Slow progressive nature - in early stages may show only signs after stress - Weakness - Lymphadenopathy (abnormal enlargement of lymph nodes) - Proliferative arthritis - Loss of body condition - Respiratory signs may include, nasal discharge coughing, flaring nostrils Dx - ELISA, AGID, PCR - No treatment, No Vaccines - Culling necessary

Answer 33

- ELISA antigen detection - Kids protected if removed from the infected does at birth - Colostrum intake transmission

Answer 34

- Resistant to environment - Wide range of clinical presentations - Many serotypes with type specific immunity - Diagnosis by ELISA, PCR, Virus isolation - Transmission by Contact, fomites, common vehicle (rotaviruses) biologically by arthropods (orbiviruses)

Answer 35

Catarrhal fever of sheep, sore muzzle of sheep, range stiffness of lambs. Blue tongue Virion - Outer capsid - Core proteins VP1/3/4/5/6/7, 10 dsRNA segments Incidence and occurrence - First Africa - Mortality low - Morbidity 30% - Indirect loss, abortions, convalescence. - In US, occurs late summer and early fall Clinical signs - Incubation period 2-6 days - Fever (40.5-41C) persists for 5-6 days - Nasal discharge, salivation, reddening of buccal mucosa - Swelling, edema of gums, dental pad and tongue - Rapid loss of condition - Lower parts of face, ears, jaw become adematous - Wrinkling and cracking of the skin - Abortions and congenital deformities may occur * *2006-2007 BTV 8, causes dramatic disease in Northern Europe

Answer 36

- Rarely seen but are clinically significant - Cattle may remain viremic for 2 mts or more - Virus replicates in endothelial cells; petechial hemorrhage is characteristic - Reservoir of infection for sheep - Transmitted by CULICOIDES sp. Sand fly biological vector - Reported transplacental - International trade regulation * *Can affect all ruminants, wild and domestic plus; dogs carnivores and S.A camelids * **Blue tongue in South Eastern US

Answer 37

- signs develop slowly and vary - Damage to nerve cells, tremors changes in behavior, pruritus, and locomotor incoordination - Recumbency and death - **Suffolk sheep are particularly susceptible - In Europe and US sheep are genetically tested for susceptibility to scrapie - Bad itch, self mutilate - Black face sheep overly susceptible - Genotyping flocks to reduce risk - PrP gene that affects susceptibility - Removal of those animals from flock

Answer 38

Rabies (ssRNA Neurotropic) Rhabdovirus, genus: Lyssavirus - Transmitted via saliva, inhalation, droplet - Incubation days up to a year - Virus affects myocytes locally and replicates in spinal nerve ganglion - CNS spread quickly and arrives at salivary glands - No pathognomic signs - Furious, dumb, and paralytic forms - Death 5-10 days after onset of clinical signs - diagnosis antemortem difficult - Necropsy to confirm diagnosis - No Tx - Prevention Vaccination 4 (if dam unvaccinated) or 6 mts (if dam vaccinated) of age - always wear gloves when examining neurological signs in horses - Depression, colic, abnormal vocalization, obscure lameness. ``` West Nile Virus ssRNA, flaviridae family (Arbovirus) Culex spp mosquitoes ``` - Horses are a dead-end host - 1999 in US, NY birds dying - Seen every year in US now, unvaccinated or incomplete vax - Low risk zoonotic - Clinical signs: Fever, anorexia, depression, colic, muzzle fasciculations, tremors - No pathognomic signs. - Inflammation of spinal cord. Predilection for nervous tissue - Dx: IgM ELISA. Hematology and clinical chemistry - Prevention: Vaccination maybe every 6 months, eliminate mosquitoes breeding grounds. - Differential list: rabies, EHV1, WNV, Botulism, encephalopathies. Hendra Virus (Paramyxovirdae family) - Zoonotic - Highly fatal - Not seen in US, it is in Australia - Tropism for endothelial cells - Respiratory disease - Fruit bats are reservoir host - Pyrexia - Vaccination helpful - Dogs and cats at risk - Dx PCR, serology

Answer 39

Vesicular Stomatitis (rhabdovirus) - Endemic in N and C America. Reportable disease in N America - Call State Vet - Looks like FMD - Off feed not milking - Causes flue-like symptoms in humans

Answer 40

Virus - Insect vector borne - Infects endothelial cells for WEE and EEE - Olfactory route for VEE - Incubation period 3-15 days - Virus replicates in macrophages - In CNS invades grey matter cerebrum, hypothalamus, and thalamus. - Less severe in brainstem and spinal cord EEE - Nearly 100% fatal - low zoonotic risk - Fever depression, ataxia, anorexia, ataxia - Muscle tremors and fasciculations - Horse dead end host, low level viremia WEE - A rare neurological disease - Incubation 2-3 days - Clinical signs often less severe than EEE - Fever depression, ataxia, anorexia, muscle tremors, +/- paralysis - High survival rate. Low level viremia VEE - Reportable, first in Columbia 1935 - Two cycles, enzootic and epizootic - Infection from bites of infected Aedes spp mosquitoes - Rodents are natural host - 85-90% mortality rate - Horses viremic enough to infect mosquitoes - replicates in macrophages and neutrophils Dx - Signs similar to other diseases - PCR, serology (IgM) serum, CSF, post-mortem exam for antigen Prevention - Core vaccines - VEE infrequent in US - Mosquito control breeding areas * **Horses should not be vaccinated against VEE, but EEE and WEE annually

Answer 41

H3N8 virus , ssRNA enveloped virus Orthomyxoviridae family. - H3N8: jumped species, affects dogs - H7N7 thought to have disappeared from the world since 1980 - Type A, two clades: Clade 1 and Clade 2 - Check vaccines for both clades and full protection - Type A classified based on Neuraminidase and H: Hemagglutinin involved in binding to cells antigens. - Highly contagious - Short incubation period 1-3 days - Infective 3-6 days after cessation of clinical signs - Coughing and fever first clinical signs - Young horses affecter often - Severe morbidity and can be fatal - Secondary bacterial infections common - Lethargy, anorexia, cough, serous-purulent nasal discharge. Pathogenesis - Replicates in respiratory epithelium - The mucus ciliated layers gets destroyed - Cell necrosis and desquamation - Damage to mucociliary apparatus - Massive lymphocyte infiltration and edema - Recovery up to 6 weeks Dx - qPCR test detects both H3N8 and H7N7 strains in nasal swabs or nasal wash most common - Human influenza kit valid in horses - Benchtop antigen capture kit - Paired VN and HA antibody titers Tx -Supportive and often includes tx for secondary bacterial infection Prevention - Vaccination program are the mainstay - Should be repeated every 6 mts after initial and yearly thereafter. - Broodmares vaccination 4-6weks prior to giving birth

Answer 42

"The gift that keeps on giving" -Enveloped dsDNA EHV1 most serious in horses - Causes rhinopneumonitis - Neurological disease - Abortions - Neonatal death - N752 "wild type" 14% EHM cases arginine position, less frequent EHM - D752 "neurotropic" associated with Equine Herpes Myoencephalopathy - Transmission: inhalation, direct contact w/ nasal secretions, fetus, placenta, fetal fluids. - Leukocytes infected, endothelium infected * **Latency is key feature of EHV - focus on control and prevention EHV4 - Respiratory - Rarely abortion, neurological Clinical signs for both - fever - Lethargy - Clear serous nasal discharge - Watery eyes - Cough - Secretions laden with virus - Commonly affects younger horses, weanling to 2-3 years of age EHM -Fever, respiratory disease, propioceptive deficits, paresis, progressive ataxia, urine dribbling, decreased anal tone. Timeline EHV - Infection via respiratory tract - Incubation 24 hr - 10 days - Fever 1-3 days - Neurological signs 7 days post infection - shedding 7-14 days Testing - Nasal swab PCR, paired best, context important. - Beware random testing - CSF normal when clear - CSF Xanthochromic clear yellow Vaccination - Not long lived. Every 6 mts - Pregnant mares: (3), 5, 7, 9 mts of gestation - EHV 1&4 (+EWVT, WNV, Flu) 4-6 weks before foaling - Foals 3 doses begining at 4 to 6 mts of age Control and prevention - Early recognition of suspects - Quarantine - Testing - Temperature monitoring - Biosecurity vital * *Talk to state vet

Answer 43

* *Reportable disease in most States - "swamp fever" - Stomoxys spp fly - Infected for life Clinical signs -Intermittent pyrexia, anemia, limb edema, weight loss and progressive weakness. -Transmission: iatrogenic blood products, reusing needles. ``` Testing -AGID, ELISA -Incubation up to 45 days horse can test negative at first. -PCR Life-long infection -Quarantine or euthanasia ```

Answer 44

- Non-enveloped dsRNA virus - Diarrhea in foals <6mts - Zoonotic 15 years ago Transmission: feco-oral route - Group A until 2021 UK Group B new - replicates in epithelial cells of the small intestine villus tips. - Inflammation and damage to gut wall - Osmotic diarrhea - Severity depends on inoculum dose, age of foal, immune status. - Young foals, colic, anorexia, profuse watery diarrhea. Tx -Supportive therapy electrolytes Dx -PCR testing of feces Prevention - Biosecurity or paramount importance - Conditional Equine rotavirus Group A vaccine (G3 strain) available for pregnant mares 8, 9, 10 mts of gestation. Protection for foal

Exam2 Flashcards

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