How much is cardiac output increased during pregnancy?
30-50%
how much does stroke volume increase during pregnancy?
25%
why does stroke volume increase?
increase in blood volume
why is the size of the LV increased during pregnancy?
hormones
how does blood volume increase?
progesterone increases production of Renin by the kidneys -> sodium is reabsorbed -> kidneys reabsorb fluid to expand plasma volume
what stimulates the increase in HR during pregnancy?
increased oestrogen and human chorionic gonadotropin
why might pregnant women become anaemic?
o Relative increase in blood volume being greater than the increase in red cell mass
what happens to the diaphragm during pregnancy?
elevates
why is there resting hyperventilation during pregnancy?
Due to an increased plasma progesterone
why is there an increase in insulin during pregnancy?
Increase oestrogen causes B-cells hyperplasia in pancreas
what type of diabetes can form in pregnancy?
gestational diabetes
what are the main factors present is gestational diabetes?
High levels of intramuscular fat, reduces Glut4 activity reducing CHO uptake
what happens to a baby born to a gestational diabetic mother?(3)
- increased birth weight
- disproportionate growth of head and shoulders
- increased insulin production
name 3 factors preeclampsia is associated with?
- insulin resistance
- SNS overactivity
- increased leptin
why might exercise help with preeclampsia?(3)
- reduce levels of C-reactive protein
- increased nitric oxide production by endothelium (vasodilation)
- decreased leptin (appetite suppressant)
what are the 2 most common muscoskeletal changes during pregnancy?
- feet turn out
- mum starts to bend her back
what is the average weight gain during pregnancy?
~12kg
why would foetal bradycardia occur?
response to hypoxia to reduce foetal O2 demands
what are the general guidelines to exercise for pregnancy?
20-30 minutes most days of the week
what happens to your sub maxima exercise responses?
HR, VE, SV, blood pH and Q all higher opposed to non-pregnant state
what happens to your HRR during pregnancy?
reduced due to an increased resting HR
why is there reduced CHO delivery to muscles during pregnancy?(3)
- reduced liver glycogen stores
- Reduced sympathoadrenal activation
- Foetal demands for CHO take priority
how many extra calories should a pregnant women be taking on each trimester?
1st = 100 2nd = 300 3rd = 150
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Clinical exercise programming introduction15
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Cardiac anatomy regulation of Q, exercise triggers and cardiac response to exercise60
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Cardiac event and intervention88
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Arrhythmias18
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Altered exercise response of CHD patients66
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Dyslipidaemia67
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Hypertension34
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Exercise testing25
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Exercise and arthritis19
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Exercise and Pregnancy23
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COPD13
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Diabetes14
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Obesity14
