Noun complement clause
A complement clause introduced by that/whether and is attached to a preceding noun. You don’t have to add a gap here.
Restrictive or non-restrictive relative clause
Non-restrictive: comma’s, additional information
What kind of gaps are there?
- Subject gap
- Object gap
- Adverbial gap
Adverbial gap = The ease with which you learn language • is amazing.
When to place a gap?
That? = end of clause
Wh-word? = after the wh-word
Adverbial? = the ease “with which you learn language” is amazing
Verbs and functions of non-finites
Kinda of non-finite verbs:
1. Bare infinitive
2. To infinitive
3. Passive participle
4. -ing (present participle)
Functions for non-finite verbs:
1. Subject (or subject extraposition)
2. Object (compl. to verb or noun)
3. Modifier to the noun
4. Adverbial
Kinds of subclauses
- Subject (e.g. of s1) or extra subj
- Main clause
- Complement (e.g. to V, to N)
- Complement to V: DO
- Mono-transitive verbs
- Intransitive verbs
- Ditransitive verbs
- Complex transitive
- Complex intransitive
- DO
- No DO/IO
- DO and IO
- DO and OC
- SC
Identifying modifiers and their phrasal categories
Modifiers are words/phrases that provide additional information about another word (usually noun or verb).
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Determiners
- PPs
- NPs
Etc.
How to identify subordinate clauses?
These clauses are triggered by words such as if, although, since, even, after, who, whether, which, while, so that, once, as.
When is a subordinate clause a relative clause?
- When it’s introduced by a relative pronoun/adverb (which, who, that, where, whose, where, when).
- When it modifies a noun/NP.
- When it functions to add additional information to the noun it modifies.
Level of directness
Please clean up the kitchen! (imperative; direct)
Could you clean up the kitchen?(interrogative; direct, but less direct than the imperative)
Does the kitchen look dirty to you?(interrogative; indirect)
I’d like the kitchen cleaned up.(declarative; indirect)
What a mess you’ve made in the kitchen! (exclamative; indirect)
