1
Q
What parasite causes ‘scaly leg’ in many species of birds?
A
- Knemidocoptes mutans in poultry
- K. jamaicensis in canaries; K. pilae in parakeets
often not species specific
2
Q
What clinical signs do Knemidocoptes infestations cause?
A
- scaly face and legs
- can cause beak malformations
live entire life cycle on the bird
3
Q
3yr old box turtle for the owner recently noticing a nodule on the right side of its head. What are the two most likely differentials and treatment for this lesion?
A
- Hypovitaminosis A (can cause aural abscesses), evaluate diet
- Otitis media, lance/drain, topical & systemic antibiotics
4
Q
Schmorl’s disease (also called necrobacillosis) in rabbits is caused by what bacterium?
A
Fusobacterium necrophorum
5
Q
When a reptile presents with a skin issue what is the first thing you should ask about?
A
Husbandry
6
Q
Dysecdysis
A
Abnormal shedding of the skin
7
Q
The “snake mite” which is a common parasite of snakes and lizards
A
Ophionyssus natricis
8
Q
Clinical signs associated with Ophionyssus natricis infestations
A
Pruritus, dysecdysis, snakes staying in water
9
Q
Mite that may serve as a vector for Aeromonas in reptiles
A
Ophionyssus natricis
10
Q
A mite similar to Ophionyssus natricis that is found primarily in lizards
A
Ophionyssus lacertinus
11
Q
Treatment options for Ophionyssus natricis
A
- Ivermectin (TOXIC TO CHELONIANS), moxidectin, wiping on fipronil spray
- Environmental decontamination (dilute bleach)
12
Q
Causative agent of “yellow-fungus disease”
A
Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii [CANV]
13
Q
Treatment of CANV, which of often becomes systemic
A
- posaconazole, voriconazole, or itraconazole is occasionally
- terbinafine (possibly combined with an azole)
14
Q
Best way to treat abscesses in reptiles
A
surgical removal
abscesses in reptiles tend to have a granulomatous consistency and are less amenable to lancing and draining
15
Q
Are abscess common or uncommon in reptiles?
A
Common
reptiles’ immune systems are “slower” to
respond to infections
16
Q
Petechiae in chelonians and ventral “flush” in snakes may be signs of what?
A
Sepsis
17
Q
What gram positive bacteria causes chronic proliferative dermatitis and septicemia (especially in desert-dwelling and dry land lizard species), and subcutaneous abscesses in tropical species.
A
Devriesea agamarum
18
Q
Treatments of devrieseasis
A
- provide adequate basking temperatures
- keeping vivarium dry and clean all crusts/debris that form from lesions
- ceftiofur (resistant to fluoroquinolones)
19
Q
The bacteria Devriesea agamarum can survive for prolonged periods in what environmental conditions?
A
moist, low temperature environment
20
Q
Should you use heat rocks in reptile enclosure?
A
Nope - they will burn themselves
21
Q
Burn management in reptiles
A
- place affected animal in a container with no substrate (avoid material getting stuck in wounds)
- Topical abx SSD
- Topical vit A ointment
- change to a safer heating device/source
22
Q
Common causes of shell problems in chelonians
A
1) too high a humidity for tortoises
2) bacterial or occasionally fungal infections, causing shell necrosis, ulcerative shell disease, or Septicemic Cutaneous Ulcerative Disease
3) poor nutrition (low-calcium diet)
23
Q
Causative agent of ulcerative shell disease
A
Vibrionaceae: Beneckea chitinivora
24
Q
Causative agent of Septicemic Cutaneous Ulcerative Disease (SCUD) in chelonians
A
Citrobacter freundii
25
Emerging keratinophilic fungal organism associated with ulcerative skin and shell disease in chelonians
Emydomyces testavorans
26
Clinical signs associated with the fungal infection with emydomyces testavorans in chelonians
- Keratin inclusion cysts are a common feature of infection
- Discoloration, flaking and textural change, erosion, ulceration, and osteonecrosis.
- In the juvenile alligator snapping turtles: rhinitis, paronychia, nail loss, cutaneous ulceration, plastron ulceration, excessive shedding, and death
27
Causes of "blister disease" in snakes and lizards
- inappropriate humidity
- secondary bacterial and fungal diseases
28
Deficiency of what vitamin causes palpebral edema, aural abscesses, sometimes dyskeratosis in young chelonians
Vit A
29
Deficiency in what vitamin can cause stomatitis in chelonians and snakes
Vit C
30
A deficiency in what mineral can cause goiter in chelonians and lizards?
Iodine
31
Cause of steatitis in snakes
Diet too high in fat => secondary vitamin E deficiency
32
Clinical signs of steatitis in snakes
yellowish color of the skin, nodules, inflammation, and eventually secondary bacterial infections and sloughing
33
Dermatologic signs of hypervitaminosis A in reptiles
- dry, exudative, thickened skin
- sloughing of the skin
34
Are snakes herbivores, omnivores, or carnivores?
Carnivores
35
Should we feed reptiles under human care live prey?
No!
Source of physical trauma and also like don't be a dick
36
Otitis media is most common in what type of reptile?
Chelonians
37
Clinical signs of OM in reptiles
Nodular lesions (abscesses) on the lateral head
38
Treatment of OM in reptiles
Lance and remove pus, pack with antibiotic cream, and use systemic antibiotics
39
Aural abscesses in chelonians have been associated with what vitamin imbalance?
Hypovitaminosis A
40
6 Rules to follow for reptiles
1) It is always better NOT to mix species in the same enclosure/tank/cage.
2) Check the environment (dif reptiles have very specific humidity, temp, space, and substrate requirements)
3) Check the diet (need s to be adequately balanced; no live prey)
4) Do NOT use ivermectin in chelonians
5) Always investigate/determine husbandry practices
6) Do not hesitiate to refer to an exotic animal specialist
41
Causes of abnormal molts in birds
- Nutritional deficits
- Stress/fear
- Reduction in light period
- Ectoparasites
- Hypothyroidism
42
What types of nutritional deficiencies can lead to abnormal molts in birds?
- insufficient protein
- decreased amino acids
(lysine, choline, methionine, cysteine)
- hypovitaminosis A (esp with all seed diets)
- insufficient beta carotene or riboflavin
43
Feather destructive behavior most commonly occurs due to what?
Behavioral problems
44
Behavioral causes of feather destructive behavior
- perceived or real risk of predation
- lack of companionship
- lack of foraging behavior (ie food always available with no challenge)
- attention seeking
- separation anxiety
- overcrowding and social stres
- sexual frustration (esp in cockatoos, lovebirds, and African greys)
- trauma
45
Non-behavioral causes of feather destructive behavior
- ectoparasites
- endoparasites
- allergic disease
- environmental
- hypothyroidism
- heavy metal toxicity
- liver disease
- bacterial dermatitis
- fungal infections (*itraconazole may be toxic to grey parrots*)
- viral infections
- genetic abnormalities (ie straw feather in budgerigars or feather cysts in canaries)
- neoplasia of the skin
46
Ectoparasites that can be "organic" causes of feather destructive behavior
- Lice (Mallophaga biting lice affect birds)
- Knemidocoptea mites (ie scaly leg)
- Dermanyssus (red mites)
- Other feather mites
47
Ectoparasite treatment options for birds
- Fipronil spray
- Selamectin spot-on
- reports of isoxazolines
48
What antiparasitice drug should you NEVER use in bird due to toxicity
Imidacloprid (Advantage)
49
In addition to imidacloprid, what other antiparasitic agent should not be used specifically in finches
Ivermectin
50
Red mites that feed on birds at night and can also attack mammals (humans, dogs, etc)
Dermanyssus gallinae
51
Feather mite that can be found on the wings and tail feathers of budgerigars
Protolichus lunula
52
Feather mite that can be found on smaller body feathers of budgerigars
Dubininia melopsittaci
53
Genus of mites affecting psittacines that attach to feather bases and in severe cases cause hyperkeratotic epidermal cysts
Harpyrhynchid spp.
(H. serini in canaries)
54
Endoparasitic infection been linked to pruritus in budgerigars, lovebirds, and cockatiels?
Giardia
55
Environmental causes of pruritus in birds
excess tobacco smoke, aerosols, building dust, low humidity (central heating turned up), lack of bathing opportunities, and abnormal photo-periods
56
Endocrine cause of FDB (feather destructive behavior)
Hypothyroidism
57
What type of toxicity can cause FDB in birds?
Heavy metal toxicity => abnormal feathers develop => bird takes them out
58
Chlamydophila infection of what organ can lead to pruritus and FDB?
Liver
59
What disease does circovirus cause in psittacines?
Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD)
60
In what groups of birds is psittacine beak and feather disease most common?
- Young birds
- Old world psittacines
61
Presentation of psittacine beak and feather disease
- Peracute: no skin signs
- Acute: occurs during first feather formation and leads to rapid development of dystrophic feathers
- chronic (birds 6mo to 3yo): dystrophic feathers, lack of powder down, pulp cavity hemorrhage, feather fracture, hyperkeratosis, beak overgrowth or
fracture, oral ulcerations.
*the disease is immunosuppressive, and secondary infections are common*
62
How can psittacine beak and feather disease be diagnosed?
via PCR on the blood or pulpy feathers
63
Treatment of psittacine beak and feather disease
Supportive care
64
PBFD is less severe in what bird species, making a full recovery possible?
Lorikeets
65
What types of birds are susceptible to polyoma virus?
all psitacines and passerines
*watch for finches with beak overgrowth*
66
Clinical signs of polyoma virus in budgerigars (the most common psittacine this disease is observed in)
- neonatal death
- reduced down and contour feathers
- loss of tail and flight feathers
*feather loss eventually resolves, but affected animals will be carriers*
67
Most common presentation of polyomavirus in young passerines
Acute death
*IF they survive, beak and feather abnormalities may be present*
68
How can polyomavirus be diagnoses?
PCR
*psittacine PCR does not work in finches*
69
Virus-induced cutaneous neoplasia in birds
- pox
- papilloma
70
How is poxvirus spread in birds?
Via insect vectors
71
Clinical signs of poxvirus in birds
- skin nodules, papules, or vesicles
- oral cavity and tracheal lesion
- septicemia
72
Potential complications of pox virus in canaries and finches (in addition to skin lesion)
severe pulmonary complications
73
Cutaneous pox lesions are most commonly found in what locations in affected songbirds and raptors
feet, eyes, and face
74
Clinical signs of poxvirus in lovebirds
pox lesions on the face, oral and nasal cavities, axilla, shoulder and abdomen – lesions are discolored, pruritic and often infected secondarily with bacteria
75
Potential outcomes of poxvirus in Amazon parrots
- skin lesions tend to be self-limiting
- diptheric (oral and tracheal) form is often fatal
76
How is pox virus diagnosed in birds?
histology or impressions smears demonstrating the intra-cytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion (Bollinger) bodies
77
Papillomavirus causes benign epithelial tumors often affecting what locations in birds?
cloaca, oral cavity, or skin
*treatment is surgical removal; spontaneous removal has been described*
78
Biopsy technique recommended in birds
Use punch biopsy technique using tape to prevent the skin from rolling or balling up.
Apply non-translucent self-adhesive tape on the skin of the chosen sites before
performing the biopsy. Perform biopsy through the tape by applying gentle force to the biopsy punch as it is twisted clockwise and counterclockwise. Once the tape is punched through, only minimal pressure is required to go through the skin.
79
Ear mite of rabbits
Psoroptes cuniculi
80
Mites affecting rabbits
- Psoroptes scabeii
- Leporacarus gibbus
- Sarcoptes scabeii
81
Mites affecting rats and mice
Myobia musculi, Myocoptes musculinus, Radfordia ensifera, Liponyssus bacoti
82
The "ear mange" mite of rats and hamsters
Notoedres muris
83
Rat louse
Polyplax spinulosa
84
Mouse louse
Polyplax serrata
85
Sarcoptic mange mite of guinea pigs (causes intense pruritus)
Trixacarus caviae
86
Fur mite of guinea pigs
Chirodiscoides caviae
87
Lice found on guinea pigs
Gliricola porcelli and Gyropus ovalis
88
Polyplax serrata (mice) and Polyplax spinulosa (rats) can be vectors for what diseases?
Mycoplasma (Haemobartonella) muris
Encephalitozoon cuniculi
Eperythrozoon coccoides
89
Treatment of lice and mites in rabbits and rodents
- Ivermectin (0.2 – 0.4 mg/kg) ; q2 weeks, 2-3x, SQ or PO
- Selamectin in rabbits
**only SC in guinea pigs d/t difficulty with GI absorption**
90
In what species should you NEVER use fipronil?
rabbits and hedgehogs
91
Treatment options for dermatophytes in rodents and rabbits
- lime sulfur 2x/wk for 1mo
- enilconazole (can be toxic d/t ingestion)
92
What is "fur slip" and in what species does it occur?
Chinchillas will shed tufts of hair when frightened or stressed
93
What ingredient should be avoided when you are treating ear disease in chinchillas?
Aminoglycosides (otoneurotoxicity)
94
Long, follicular demodex of hamsters
Demodex aurati
95
Short, stratum corneum mite of hamsters
Demodex criceti
96
What is demodicosis treated with in hamsters?
Ivermectin SC (maybe PO)
97
What endocrinopathy causes non-inflammatory alopecia most commonly in hamsters?
Hyperadrenocorticism
98
What endocrine disruption most commonly causes non-inflammatory alopecia in guinea pigs?
Cystic ovaries
99
Mite that causes "walking dandruff" in rabbits
Cheyletiella parasitivorax
100
Cause of rabbit syphilis (venereal spirochetosis)
Treponema paraluiscuniculi
101
Common nutrition-related cause of pinnal scaling in guinea pigs
Hypovitaminosis C
102
Clinical signs of Treponema paraluiscuniculi in rabbits
- Crusts, erythema, edema, vesicles, ulcers, proliferative lesions primarily on the face and perineum
- Pain (not pruritus)
- Metritis, abortion, and neonatal death
*Rabbit syphilis is NOT zoonotic*
103
Treatment of Treponema paraluiscuniculi
- Penicillin G
- Chloramphenicol
- Azithromycin
104
Cutaneous lymphoma tend to be most common in what small exotic mammal?
Hamsters
105
Can pocket pet exotic get sebaceous adenitis?
Yup
106
Non-infectious causes of scaling and crusting in rabbits and rodents
- hypovitaminosis A in guinea pigs
- sebaceous adenitis
- cutaneous lymphoma
- thymoma
- paraneoplastic syndrome
107
Causes of chelitis in guinea pigs
Rough forage
Acidic fruit
Hypovitaminosis C
Pox virus
108
Infection, wire cage bottom, obesity, females (rabbits), neutered status (rabbits), hypovitaminosis C (guinea pigs) are all associated with wht condition in rabbits and guinea pigs (less frequently reported in rats)
Pododermatitis
109
What kind of virus is myxoma virus?
Pox
110
What vectors myxomatosis?
Arthropods
111
Clinical signs and outcomes of myxomatosis in rabbits
- Edema of the head, ears, eyelids and genitalia, milky oculonasal discharge
- firm, non-pruritic, erythematous nodules (myxomas)
- Lethargy, fever
- Nearly 100% morbidity and mortality :(
112
Bacteria that most commonly causes abscesses in rabbits
Pasteurella multocida
113
Why do abscesses in rabbits tend to be so inspissated?
Rabbit heterophils are myeloperoxidase-deficient (unlike neutrophils)
114
Treatment most likely to yield the best result in management of abscesses in rabbits
Surgical removal
*P multocida often present in abscess capsule*
115
Cause of facial "horns" in rabbits
Sylvilagus floridanus (Eastern cottontail) papillomavirus (SfPV)
116
Ectromelia orthopoxvirus is the causative agent of what disease?
Mouse pox
117
Clinical signs and outcomes of infectious ectromelia/mouse pox
- Small crusts over sparsely haired areas
- most frequently encountered in colony situations
- mortality and morbidity varies by strain but can be very high
118
Ear mite of ferrets
Otodectes cynotis
119
Treatment options for Otodectes cynotis in ferrets
- Selamectin spot-on
- Ivermectin (into ear canal)
120
Mange mite that affects ferrets
Sarcoptes scabei
*treat with Selamectin*
121
Clinical signs of canine distemper virus in ferrets
- Erythema and papules over the chin and ventrum, or generalized
- Hyperkeratosis of the footpads, nasal planum and pinnae
- Respiratory signs: severe mucopurulent discharge and pneumonia
122
Are mast cell tumors in ferrets typically benign or malignant
Benign
123
Treatment recommendation for ferret MCTs
surgical remocal (rx diphenhydramine to be admin once prior to sx)
124
Medical treatment for cutaneous lymphoma in ferrets
Bexarotene (super expensive though)
125
Hyperadrenocorticim is fairly common in ferrets. In this species, is it typically adrenal or pituitary dependent?
ALWAYS adrenal dependent (adenoma or adenocarcinoma)
126
What hormones are increased in ferrets with adrenal disease?
Estradiol, androstenedione, progesterone
127
Do adrenal adenocarcinomas in ferrets typically metastasize?
No - this is uncommon (15%)
*local invasion to left kidney or right caudate lobe of the liver most frequently reported)
128
What hormones tend to be elevated in ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism?
Plasma adrenal androgens (androstenedione, 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone, DHEAS) and estradiol often elevated
129
Are plasma cortisol levels typically elevated in ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism?
NO
*might be ACTH an MSH independent*
130
Proposed pathogenesis of ferret hyperadrenocorticism
- activation of pre-existing adrenal LH receptor protein with hyperadrenocorticism
- pineal gland and melatonin may play a role
131
Clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets
- progressive, often symmetrical and seasonal, alopecia
- pruritus (1/3 of affected ferrets)
- vulvar swelling
- cystic urogenital abnormalities (prostatic enlargement, stranguria, partial or complete urinary obstruction, green mucoid discharge)
- Male sexual behavior and sexual aggressiveness
- Mammary gland hyperplasia (infrequent in males)
- splenomegaly (common in all older ferrets)
- Figurate erythema (seen with hyperadrenocorticism or after adrenalectomy)
132
What is a diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets based upon?
- History
- Clinical signs/ PE
- Diagnostic imaging (AUS)
- Steroid hormone assays (UTenn hormone assay)
- Confirmation at surgery
**ACTH stim and DST NOT helpful**
133
Recommended treatment for hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets
- Adrenalectomy (but there is a high recurrence rate) + deslorelin acetate implant give the best prognosis
*post-op adrenal supplementation is usually not necessary*
134
MOA of deslorelin implant in the management of hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets
GnRH analog: causes a desensitization and down-regulation of GNRH receptors in pituitary gland => inhibits production and release of Lutenizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone after an initial stimulation (especially in males)
135
A medical therapy other than deslorelin used to manage hyperadrenocorticism
Lupron (GnRH agonist)
136
Why does anemia and/or pancytopenia occur rarely in ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism?
Estrogen-induced bone marrow toxicity
137
Rodent keratohyaline granules
- P-F granule, irregular contains profilaggrin
- L granule, small contains loricrin
ACVD Exam
flashcards
Decks in class (24)
# Cards
-
Allergy and Hypersensitivity368
-
Otology167
-
Infectious Disease557
-
Staph and Resistance AWM REF 202543
-
Parasitology250
-
Structure and Function - Skin Barrier and Cornification143
-
Structure and Function - Basement Membrane Zone126
-
Structure and Function - Glands, Vessels, Sensory systems, and lymphatics63
-
Structure and Function - Cornification disorders68
-
Structure and Function - Collagen and Extracellular Matrix102
-
Structure and Function - Melanogenesis72
-
Structure and Function - Wound Healing92
-
Structure and Function - Hair Follicles120
-
Immune-Mediated Diseases248
-
Equine Derm175
-
Pharmacology315
-
Endocrine/Internal Med212
-
Histopathology (and a little Cytology)116
-
Oncology313
-
Nutritional/Environmental/Traumatic133
-
Large Animal (non-equine)92
-
Genodermatoses64
-
Psychoneurodermatology97
-
Exotics137
