Experiments

Question 1

Medical Experiments

Hindsight Bias

Answer 1

Tendency to believe, after learning outcome, that one wpuld have forseen it

Question 2

Medical Experiments

Science Attitude

Answer 2

Curious, Skeptical, Humble

Question 3

Medical Experiments

Types of Experiements

Answer 3

1. Case Studies: 1 case to learn about a rare thing
2. Naturalistic Observation: Describe behavior without explination
   
   3. Hawthorne Effect: Ppl act different when being observed
3. Survey: Lots of data in short time and need to have representative group

Question 4

Correlation

What is it?

Answer 4

• Extent to which two factors change together

Question 5

Correlation

Illusory Correlation

Answer 5

Percieved non-existent correlation

Question 6

Correlation

Regression Toward Mean

Answer 6

Uncontrollable events correlate with actions

Question 7

Medical Experiments

What is Experimentation

Answer 7

• Investigator that manipulates factors
• Control and Experimental Groups
• Matched Pair design
• single and double blind studies
• statistics to show data as bigger deal
• standard dev: √∑dev^2/# of scores

Question 8

Ethics in Research

1st Nuremberg Code of Medical Ethics

Answer 8

• 1947
• Ethical guidelines for conducting experiements on humans

Question 9

Ethics in Research

Shocking Trials

Answer 9

• Stanley Milgram
• Testing to see if Americans not followers like Germans
• Many went to max
• Problems:
  
  • Not equal to Nazis because not racial bias
  • Screams could be heard by subjects
  • Led to New ethics (Helsinki Declaration) around written consent. caution, decreased placebo effect, participants must benefit

Question 10

Ethics in Research

Stanford Prison Experiment

Answer 10

• Philip Zimbardo
• 1960
• Abuse of participants and unsanitary conditions
• Not good protections or consent
• Led to Institutional Review Board(1974)

Question 11

Ethics in Research

Belmont Report

Answer 11

1. Respect of Persons
2. Beneficence
3. Justice

Question 12

Animal Use in Science and Research

What they have helped with

Answer 12

• Dogs used to find rabies
• Koch: Germ Theory by injecting cow anthrax into mice
• Pasteur: First tested on guinea pigs to find vaccines for Diphtheria and anthrax
• 1st surgical advancements and blood transfusions and Tissue + Organ Transplants
  
  • Corneal: Rabbits
  • Kidney: Dogs and Cats

Question 13

Animal Use in Science and Research

3Rs

Answer 13

1. REPLACE with other methods
2. REDUCE trials
3. REFINE(decrease stress of study animals)

Question 14

Animal Use in Science and Research

Lash Lure Incident

Answer 14

• 1933
• Blindness and death in women b/c 0 testing
• FDA ==> Animal Testing for all products

Question 15

Animal Use in Science and Research

Regulate Testing / Decrease Testing

Answer 15

1. 1959: 3Rs
2. Animal Welfare Act: 95-99% animals not protected
3. Organ Chips = Replacement but require Stem Cells

Question 16

Humans vs Animals

Definition of Language

Answer 16

1. Discreet Units of Language
2. Grammar
3. Productivity = usability
4. Talk about things not here
   * Animals can do a few but not all and can’t have moral discussions

Question 17

Human Experimentation

Boston Project Uranium Injections

Answer 17

• William Sweet
• No proper consent or success
• People given doses to large for their bodies and wasn’t properly monitored ==> More problems
• Not all people about to die

Question 18

Human Experimentation

Marshall Islands

Answer 18

• Approved by Truman
• Bomb Testing
  
  • Cause radiation effects and dislocated the people of Bikini Atoll
  • Tested also on unsuspecting American soldiers for decades to test how bad it was and if they could be treated

Question 19

Human Experimentation

Eugene Saenger

Answer 19

• Full Body Irradiations to remove cancer
• Funded by DoD
• Subjects were low IQ, poor, and black Americans
• didn’t have informed consent

Question 20

Human Experimentation - Ethics during WWII

Mengele

Answer 20

• Altitude experiments, Hypothermia exp., twin exp.
• Soldiers hesitant but disassoc. with gas chambers
• dissected people to see how viruses affected them

Question 21

Human Experimentation - Ethics during WWII

Ishii

Answer 21

• Leader of Unit 731
• Experiments on Chinese and POWs abt diseases
• Made deal to get out of persectution by giving data to Am.

Question 22

US Human Experimentation

Stateville Penitentiary Malaria Study

Answer 22

• Testing alternate med to treat malaria(not quinine[all in German hands]) on prisoners
• No consent only $2.50

Question 23

US Human Experimentation

Mustard Gas Tests

Answer 23

• Af. Am. soldiers unknowingly exposed and found that M.G. killed white blood cells and high dividing cells

Question 24

Informed Consent

What is it?

Answer 24

• Must tell
  
  1. Exp
  2. Side effects
  3. Composition
  4. Affect on QOL and health
  5. 0 benefit possible
  6. Placebo = Standard Care
  7. Voluntary

Question 25

# Informed Consent Failures of IC

Answer 25

* Nazi hypothermia trials results still used today

Question 26

# US Human Experimentation Tuskegee Syphilis

Answer 26

* Tested Af. Am. without consent * Told them that they would get treatment for 'bad blood' * Oslo = On whites but Tuskegee is for black * Kept going even after treatment found(Penicillin) and 0 to Af. Am. for 40 years * Done by Am Gvt * Could be fatal if not treated(after decades) * Reasons: Commitment to cause and see full effects of syphilis * Racism, Money, Contributing to Sci * Bl. Doctors: No choice because job security

Question 27

# US Human Experimentation Willowbrook

Answer 27

* Tested vaccine again Hep on mentally disabled kids in willowbrook penetentarys