Define an ‘independent variable’.
A variable that the researcher changes.
Define a ‘dependent variable’.
A variable that changes due to the independent variable and the one that the researcher measures.
Define an ‘extraneous variable’.
A variable that the research doesn’t include or that can’t be controlled.
Describe a lab experiment using 4 points.
1) Controlled conditions
2) Control over IV and DV
3) Unnatural setting to ppt
4) Attempt to discover cause and effect
Describe a field experiment using 3 points.
1) Conducted in a natural setting
2) Less control over variables
3) EVs can affect results and interfere with cause and effect
Give 3 strengths of lab experiments as a research method.
1) Variables can be controlled to establish cause and effect
2) Can be easily replicated due to controlled conditions
3) High in reliability due to being replicable
Give 3 weaknesses of lab experiments as a research method.
1) People may not behave naturally due to unnatural environment
2) Ethical problems are inevitable
3) Mostly dependent on volunteers who are a certain type of person
Give 3 strengths of field experiments as a research method.
1) More natural to the ppt and so they will behave more naturally
2) Certain variables can still be controlled
3) Higher levels of ecological validity and so less chance of demand characteristics
Give 3 weaknesses of field experiments as a research method.
1) Higher chance of EVs influencing experiment
2) Higher chance of the ‘Hawthorne Effect’ in which ppts may change their behaviour when they know they’re being watched
3) Low reliability due to being harder to replicate
Give 3 reasons why sociologists may not use experimental methods.
1) Representativeness - most experiments are small scale and are difficult to generalise to wider population
2) Practicality - it can cost a lot and take a lot of time to complete
3) Hawthorne Effect - people change their behaviour when they know they’re being watch and so wouldn’t represent real life natural behaviour
Give 3 examples of lab experiments.
1) Milgram - Electric Shock experiment
2) Bandura - Bobo Doll experiment
3) Zimbardo - The Stanford Prison experiment
Briefly describe Milgram’s experiment.
- Testing to see if it isn’t just German people who blindly follow authority
- The ‘teachers’ were told to read out a word list to the ‘learner’ (the confederate) who had to remember their pairs
- When the teacher read back the list the learner had to remember the word that matched what the teacher read out
- If the learner got it wrong the teacher had to administer an electric shock (65% of ppts went to 450V)
Give 2 strengths of Milgram’s experiment.
1) No demand characteristics due to being deceived of the true aim
2) Standardised procedure means can replicate the study
Give 2 weaknesses of Milgram’s experiment.
1) Ethical issues of deception due to hiding aim of the study
2) Could experience Hawthorne Effect due to ppts being watched by the experimenter
Briefly describe Bandura’s experiment.
- Testing to see if social behaviours such as aggression can be acquired through observation
- One group of ppts saw an adult attacking a bobo doll in real life
- One group of ppts saw a video of an adult attacking a bobo doll
- One group of ppts saw cartoon characters attacking a bobo doll
- One group of ppts saw no violent acts at all
- Found ppts of the first 3 groups being violent towards the toys
Give 2 strengths of Bandura’s experiment.
1) Followed a standardised procedure and so can be replicated
2) Controlled conditions means can establish cause and effect
Give 2 weaknesses of Bandura’s experiment.
1) Vulnerable group of ppts were used (children) so right to withdraw compromised
2) Artificially creating aggression in children and could have just thought that the bobo doll was meant to be attacked
Briefly describe Zimbardo’s experiment.
- Testing people’s willingness to commit cruelty in a prison environment
- Ppts randomly selected to play either ‘prisoners’ or ‘guards’
- Guards reinforced prison rules through physical violence
- Experiment was stopped after 2 weeks due to the violence getting too bad
Give 2 strengths of Zimbardo’s experiment.
1) Controlled conditions allows for accurate replication of the same conditions
2) Standardised procedure allows for accurate replication
Give 2 weaknesses of Zimbardo’s experiment.
1) Hard to establish cause and effect because ppts played their roles due to social expectation rather than revealing cruel nature
2) Protection from harm of the ppts was broken
Give 2 examples of field experiments.
1) Rosenthal and Jacobsen - The Pygmalion Effect
2) Rosenhan - Being Sane in Insane Places
Briefly describe Rosenthal and Jacobsen’s experiment.
- Tested how teachers respond to pupils with differing abilities
- Informed teachers that a randomly selected group of pupils were ‘intellectual bloomers’ whose performance would increase in the next year
- When they returned in the next year they found thsoe pupils’ improvement significantly higher than other pupils
- Led to the concentration on the self-fulfilling prophecy and labeling
Give 2 strengths of Rosenthal and Jacobsen’s experiment.
1) Due to conditions being more life real life, the ppts behaved naturally
2) No demand characteristics from teachers or pupils due to not knowing the aim of the study or that they were in one
Give 2 weaknesses of Rosenthal and Jacobsen’s experiment.
1) Ethical issues due to not gaining consent from any ppts
2) There were no control over EVs and so could have affected results
