explaining changes

Question 1

what is the CJS?

Answer 1

collection of central & local government departments, public agencies & private sector organisations responsible for administering justice

Question 2

which organisations are included in the CJS?

Answer 2

Police
courts
prisons
ministry of justice
home office

Question 3

what does the CJS do?

Answer 3

wide remit involving a wide range of roles, processes & decisions to meet its aims

Question 4

what is the role of the ministry of justice?

Answer 4

overseers HMCTS & HMPPS & is responsible for courts, prisons, probation services & attendance centres

Question 5

what is the role of the Home Office?

Answer 5

leads government polict for police forces, supports police & crime commissioners (PCCs) & is responsible for UK visas & immigration

Question 6

what is HMCTS (His Majesty Courts & Tribunals Services) responsible for?

Answer 6

administration of criminal, civil, & family courts & tribunals

Question 7

what is the HMPPS (HM Prison & Probation Service) responsible for?

Answer 7

managing operations, performance & comissioning of prisons & probation services & supporting people to stop reoffending

Question 8

what are the purposes of the CJS?

Answer 8

maintain law & order
public protection
prevent & control crime
punishment & rehabilitation
reduce reoffending / deter future offending
compensation & reparation
provide & maintain justice

Question 9

what is the role of inspectorates?

Answer 9

to independently inspect & report on effectiveness, conditions & treatment in the public interest

Question 10

which services have inspectorates?

Answer 10

prisons
probation
CPS
joint inspectorate for policing, fire & rescue

Question 11

what is the IOPC?

Answer 11

Independent Office for Police Conduct - oversees the police complaint system

Question 12

what are the 2 main justice systems?

Answer 12

adversial justice
inquisitorial justice

Question 13

what is the adversial justice (AJ)?

Answer 13

requires the prosecution to prove guilt

Question 14

what is the inquisitorial justice (IJ)?

Answer 14

courts play a more central role in investigating cases

Question 15

what is retributivism?

Answer 15

a backward-looking approach focusing on punishment for crimes already committed

Question 16

what is utilitarianism?

Answer 16

a forward-looking approach justifying punishment to prevent future offending

Question 17

what defines retributive justice?

Answer 17

justice is satisfied when the offender suffers proportionately for the crime committed

Question 18

key features of the retributive justice?

Answer 18

eye for an eye
just deserts
backward-looking
punishment intended to hurt
linked to capital punishment

Question 19

what defines utilitarian justice?

Answer 19

justice is satisfied if punishment creates the greatest happiness for the greatest number

Question 20

key features of utilitarian justice?

Answer 20

forward-looking
focus on future consequences
punishment justified by crime reduction

Question 21

how can future crime be avoided under utilitarianism?

Answer 21

deterrence
rehabilitation
incapacitation

Question 22

who are key classical theorists?

Answer 22

jeremy bentham
cesare beccaria

Question 23

key ideas of classical theories?

Answer 23

rational choice
free will
crime is chosen
benefits outweigh risks

Question 24

what is deterrence?

Answer 24

the threat of punishment discouraging crime

Question 25

features of deterrence?

Answer 25

individual & general deterrence fear of consequences punishment should be proportional, certain & swift

Question 26

what do positivist theories argue?

Answer 26

crime is caused by biological, psychological or social factors

Question 27

key positivist theorists?

Answer 27

lombroso ferri garofalo

Question 28

lombroso's view?

Answer 28

criminals are born & biologically predisposed to crime

Question 29

ferri & garofalo's view?

Answer 29

crime is caused by social factors such as poverty & environment

Question 30

how do positivists view rehabilitation?

Answer 30

causes of crime are discoverable causes can be treated treatment is not punitive individualised treatment

Question 31

what is incapacitation?

Answer 31

removing offenders' ability to offend (e.g. imprisonment, death penalty)

Question 32

difference between police & policing?

Answer 32

police = specific institution policing = broader social regulation processes

Question 33

early policing developments?

Answer 33

bow street runner (1753) marine police (1798) metropolitan police (1829)

Question 34

who were peelers/bobbies?

Answer 34

early police officers wearing blue uniforms

Question 35

what act required uniformed police forces?

Answer 35

county & borough police act 1856

Question 36

how many police forces are in the UK?

Answer 36

45 forces 3 specialised forces

Question 37

police forces by region?

Answer 37

scotland = police scotland northern ireland = PSNI England & Wales = 43 forces

Question 38

police numbers (March 2023)

Answer 38

147,430 full time officers largest = Met police (34899) smallest = city of london (1001)

Question 39

3 categories of police powers?

Answer 39

investigative preventative disposal

Question 40

examples of investigative powers?

Answer 40

arrest stop & search take biometrics seize evidence

Question 41

examples of prevantative powers?

Answer 41

maintain public order prevent crime use of force

Question 42

disposal powers?

Answer 42

charge suspects or deal w/ cases outside court

Question 43

key legalisation governing police powers?

Answer 43

Police & Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE)

Question 44

how has the police role expanded?

Answer 44

police act as gatekeepers of the CJS w/ safeguarding duties

Question 45

examples of modern police responsibilities?

Answer 45

mental health incidents safeguarding victims community policing cybercrime & terrorism

Question 46

is misuse of police powers always criminal?

Answer 46

no often a breach of professional standards

Question 47

how are police held accountable?

Answer 47

misconduct proceedings civil action criminal prosecution

Question 48

former types of punishment?

Answer 48

capital punishment physical punishment transportation

Question 49

reformist movement key ideas?

Answer 49

offenders are rational can be reformed punishment should rehabilitate

Question 50

current prison population (E&W)

Answer 50

87,334 people

Question 51

prison categories?

Answer 51

category A-D female prisons young offender institutions

Question 52

recurring prisons issues?

Answer 52

overcrowdin safety staffing mental health

Question 53

how were vicitms treated historically?

Answer 53

limited role state controlled prosecutions

Question 54

what is restorative justice?

Answer 54

a process where stakeholders collectively resolve the aftermath of an offence (Marshall, 1999)

Question 55

objectives of restorative justice?

Answer 55

meet victim needs reduce reoffending encourage offender responsibility

Question 56

what is the victims & prisoners act 2024?

Answer 56

makes the victims' code legally enforceable