Knowledge
justified true belief
Math
axiomatized deductive system
Axiom
a rule that is accepted (postulate)
Deductive
math conclusions are deductively reasoned, so we are certain of all mathematical conclusions
System
axioms set boundaries for math and then all math propositions within the axioms are interconnected
Pure Math (2)
- Deals with no factual matters, no assertion about physical space
- Totally analytic, so we can have certainty about all conclusions
Physical Math (2)
- The application of math to physical space it makes assertions about factual matters
- By giving the abstract primitive concepts a physical definition, you make pure → physical
Natural Science
looking for regularities in the physical universe
Paradigm
Universally recognized scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners
Pre-Paradigm State
many theories, methods, and ideas, but no consensus between the scientist due to lack of a paradigm
Mature Science (2)
- a paradigm has been formed with consensus, the field can now develop and there is jargon within the field
- more specific questions can be asked
Normal Science
uses the paradigm to perform research there exist solutions, but scientist must get there to get the answer, similar to puzzle solving
Anomaly
something that deviates from the paradigm, sometimes scientists can fix this, other times they cannot
Crisis
when scientist cannot address anomaly, the rules are blurred and the paradigm breaks down
Extraordinary Science
new paradigm is thought of, but there are debates to reach consensus
Revolution
new paradigm is established and go back to normal science
History
a continuous process of interaction between the historian and his facts, an unending dialogue between the present and the past
Historian
selective through documents, they choose what is significant to develop their own interpretation
What are some influences on a historian? (7)
- culture/place
- time
- available evidence
- historian’s attitudes
- scholarship
- philosophies of history
- perspectives of history
How does available evidence influence a historian?
it can be a limitation if there is no access to resources (ex: fall of USSR more sources)
How can a historian’s attitude be an influence?
historian’s personality and beliefs (ex: political/religious)
How can philosophies of history influence a historian?
paradigms – the theories historians have about the forces driving events
How can perspectives of history influence a historian?
specializations
