What is the definition of crime?
Deviation from rules regulating behaviour, enforced by penalties.
What are the four levels of explanation for crime?
- Societal: social structures (inequality, poverty)
- Locality: geographic clusters
- Socialisation: family & peers
- Individual: genetic, personality factors
What does the Psychodynamic Theory suggest about crime?
Crime reflects psychological immaturity, low self-control, and unresolved childhood conflicts.
True or False: According to Bandura’s Behavioral Theory, all behavior is learned through environment and interaction.
True
Fill in the blank: According to Kohlberg’s Moral Development, Level 1 (Pre-conventional) is characterized by _______ and individualism.
obedience/punishment
What are some traits associated with criminality according to Personality Theory?
- Impulsivity
- Hostility
- Unconventional beliefs
What risk factors are associated with Social Location Theory?
- Lower class origins
- Poor school/work success
- Alienation
- Limited opportunity
- Gang involvement
- Adoption of lower-class values
What are the common ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences)?
- Physical abuse
- Sexual abuse
- Emotional abuse
- Neglect
- Domestic violence
- Substance abuse in household
- Mental illness in household
- Incarcerated family member
- Single parent household
- Poverty/social deprivation
According to the ACE model, what impact do ACEs have on brain development?
ACEs change brain structure due to chronic stress, leading to constant hypervigilance.
What is the link between ACEs and crime involvement?
4+ ACEs increase chances of legal system involvement, victimization, and incarceration.
What are some protective factors against crime?
- Low poverty & deprivation
- Positive peers & community
- Trusted adult & effective parenting
- Education & opportunities
- Behaviour & coping skills
- Positive attitudes & self-esteem
What is a key factor in building resilience according to the findings from Harvard?
At least one stable, supportive adult relationship.
What are the six necessities for trauma-informed care in legal systems?
- ACE screening for all youth
- Skilled staff with evidence-based practices
- Family involvement in treatment
- Culture of compassion
- Partnership with children’s services
- Divert youth from prison
What is the main focus of Youth Offending theories?
The interaction between individual traits and environment.
What does the ACE model indicate about community and family risks?
- Community risks: poverty, violence, exclusion
- Family risks: poor supervision, harsh discipline, abuse
Fill in the blank: Theories applied to youth crime include Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Cognitive, and _______.
Personality
What does the term ‘latent delinquency’ refer to in the context of Psychodynamic Theory?
Id-dominated, poorly socialized children.
What does the Cognitive Development Theory highlight about criminals?
Criminals misinterpret threat levels and exhibit poor decision-making.
What is the relationship between impulsivity and aggression according to Miller & Lynam?
Impulsivity and aggression are strongly linked.
