EXTRA BITS UNIT 1

Question 1

what are the inferntial statistal tests for nominal data

Answer 1

unrelated data: chi square test
related data: binominal sign test

Question 2

what are the inferntial statistal tests for ordinal data

Answer 2

unrelated data: mann whitney test
related data: wilcoxon signed ranks test
correlation test: spear mans rho correlation coefficient

Question 3

what are the inferntial statistal tests for interval or ratio data

Answer 3

unrelated data: independent t-test
related data: related t-test
correlation test: persons product moment

Question 4

what are inferential statistics

Answer 4

they enable you to work out which hypothesis has been supported by the data from either an experiment or a correlation study

Question 5

whats the three criterea that have to be met for using a parametric inferential statistic test

Answer 5

1. data has to be interval or ratio
2. data has to have a curve of normal distribution
3. variances should be similar

Question 6

what are type 1 errors

Answer 6

alternitive hypothesis is accepted, null hypothesis is rejected and any behaviour shown is due to chance

Question 7

what are type 2 errors

Answer 7

rejection of alternitive hypothesis and acceptance of null hypothesis when the IV has an impact on the DV

Question 8

whats normal distribution

Answer 8

data about any behaviour from a representative sample of the population
a ‘true’ normal curve is when all measures of central tendancy occur at the highest point in the curve
mean=mode

Question 9

If your data is normally distributed, parametric tests are…

Answer 9

parametric tests are more powerful (better at detecting real effects).

Question 10

If your data isnt normally distributed, parametric tests can…

Answer 10

give misleading results, so you must use a non-parametric alternative.

Question 11

whats negatively skewed distribution

Answer 11

the mean is different from the mode and there is more or fewer low scores or high scores
mean<mode

Question 12

whats postievtly skewed data

Answer 12

if the population has more or low scorers than highers
mean>mode

Question 13

what tests are parametric

Answer 13

independent t-test
related t-test
persons product moment

Question 14

whats tests are non parametric

Answer 14

chi square, mann whittney, wilcoxon signed ranks, binominal sign, spear mans rho

Question 15

if the standard of significance isnt reached how do psychologists express this

Answer 15

p>0.05
null hypothesis supported

Question 16

if the standard of significance is reached how do psychologists express this

Answer 16

p<_0.05
alternitve hypothesis is supported

Question 17

if the standard of significance is exceeded how do psychologists express this

Answer 17

p<_0.01
alterntive hypothesis strongly supported

Question 18

whats the split half method

Answer 18

tests internal reliabilty
tests one half of the questions and gains a score then the other half of Q’s
see if same level of score was acheved on both halves

Question 19

whats test retest method

Answer 19

tests external reliability
high level of standardisation would make research replicable
same results on a retest will show external relaibilty

Question 20

inter rater relaibility

Answer 20

avoids observer bias
two observers consistently rate or observe the same behaviour and the two sets of ratings are correlated
if a positive correlation is seen, inter rater reliability has been established

Question 21

whats the harvard method

Answer 21

Name
Date
Title
J
Volume
Issue
P

refereces that include 7 things
the author
date of publication
issue
volume
title
publisher

Question 22

whats the abstract in a report

Answer 22

summary of the research outlining the aim, method, results etc
its in the first section of the report but written at the end

Question 23

whats the method in a report

Answer 23

lenghty section which includes all details for someone to carry out the same research
DETAILS OF SAMPLE OBTAINED

Question 24

whats a discussion in a report

Answer 24

focuses on what the study has discovered
evaluations, alternitve explanations and references to locate any info included

Question 25

whats an introduction in a report

Answer 25

considers the area of psychology and previous research which has been carried out in the same area

Question 26

what are the results in a report

Answer 26

refers to raw data and provides verbal summaries and descriptive statistics includes graphs to see comparisons

Question 27

what are the appendices in a report

Answer 27

contains materials, calculations and raw data (anything else the reader needs to repeat research) Raw data – all the original measurements or observations collected during the experiment. Sample calculations – step-by-step workings showing how you processed the data (e.g., averages, percentages). Additional materials – such as copies of questionnaires, detailed diagrams, or full method notes used in the study.

Question 28

whats peer review

Answer 28

Quality assurance checks of research carried out. Other qualified researchers will check work before it is published to check for errors, objectivity and if valid conclusions were made. Once published other academics may also check and comment on the work.

Question 29

strengths of peer review

Answer 29

Makes sure research is carried out in a acceptable/ ethical way Ensures ethical guidelines are maintained Improves reputation of psychology

Question 30

weaknesses of peer review

Answer 30

Can be quite time consuming Reviews may be biased/suffer from confirmation bias Cannot always detect fraud/made up data

Question 31

what inferential test should a researcher use to decide whether a difference found in research with ordinal data and a repeated design is significant

Answer 31

wilcoxon

Question 32

whats the order in a report

Answer 32

Aliens Invaded My Room Dead Arrival