Extranuclear inheritance, imprinting, & maternal effect 3

Question 1

Mendelian inheritance patterns follow what three rules?

Answer 1

1. The genes obey mendel’s law of segregation, except when rare mutation are present beacuse the genes are then passed unaltered from generation to generation
2. The expression of the genes in the offspring directly influences their traits
3. When crossing two or more genes they obey mendel’s law of independent assortment

Question 2

Mendelian inhertiance involves _____________

Answer 2

Nuclear genes

Question 3

Nuclear genes

Answer 3

Gene located on chromosome that are located in the nucleus

Question 4

Extranuclear inheritance (Cytoplasmic inheritance)

Answer 4

Inheritance genes from organelles outside the nucleus (Ex. Mitochondria & chloroplast)

Question 5

Nucleiod

Answer 5

Where the genetic material in the chloroplast is

Question 6

_________________ produces non-mendelian results because the chloroplast & mitochondria are not sorted during meiosis & therefore dont segregate into gamtes

Answer 6

Extranuclear inheritance

Question 7

Maternal Inheritance (Type of extranuclear inheritance)

Answer 7

When the phenotype is determined by the mother (The chloroplast & mitochondria has this because they are inhertied through the cytoplasm of the egg) (Breaks the law of segregation)

Question 8

Can’t use a punnett square for extranuclear genes have to know what instead?

Answer 8

1. Need to know if the offspring inherits a gene from the mother the father or both
2. Need to know if heterplasmy (has both normal & mutant genes) is present in the parent (s) who transmit them

Question 9

Mitochondria also follows ______________

Answer 9

Maternal effect

Question 10

Many human disease are caused by ________________

Answer 10

Mitochondrial mutation

Question 11

Endosymbiosis Theory

Answer 11

Believe that the chloroplast & mitochondria etc were formed from living inside another organelle

Question 12

Epigenetic inheritance (Non-menelian pattern)

Answer 12

Modification occur to a nuclear gene/chromosome that alters its expression (Ex. X-chromosome inactivation)

Question 13

Genomic imprinting (type of epigenetic inheritance)

Answer 13

Modifies nuclear gene that alters gene expression

Question 14

The expression of an imprint gene depends on the _______ of the parent which the gene was inherited

Answer 14

Sex

Question 15

______________ when a segment of DNA is marked & that mark is retained & recognized throughout the organism life

Answer 15

Genetic imprinting

Question 16

___________ follows non-mendelian inheritance beause the marking allows the offspring to tell the difference between mom & dad alleles

Answer 16

Genetic imprinting

Question 17

Can’t use a punnett square for imprinted genes instead need to know what?

Answer 17

1. If the offspring expresses the allele that is inherited from mom or dad
2. Need to know which allele was inherited from the mother & which was from the father

Question 18

The imprint is established during _______________

Answer 18

Genetogenetics

Question 19

The imprinting of genes & chromsomes is a molecular marking process that involves _________________

Answer 19

DNA methylation

Question 20

DNA methylation

Answer 20

Adding methyl group onto a cystosine base in DNA

Question 21

Maternal effect

Answer 21

An inheritance pattern where the genotype of the mother directly determines the phenotype of the offspring (break law of segregation)