Eye

Question 1

Canaliculitis

Answer 1

Inflammation or infection of the lacrimal canal. Eye redness, tearing, mucopurulent discharge

Question 2

What is the treatment for cataracts?

Answer 2

Lens replacement surgery.

In cataracts the lens becomes cloudy secondary to clumping of protein in the lens. This cloudiness can obstruct light, impair vision, and can be a particular problem during night driving.

Question 3

Dysmetria

Answer 3

Inability to judge distance or scale of movement

Question 4

Proptosis

Answer 4

Abnormal protrusion of the eye. Can be caused by tumors, trauma, infection, or vascular abnormalities.

Question 5

Proptosis in the context of ongoing sinusitis

Answer 5

Untreated or refractory rhinosinusitis places the patient at risk for orbital cellulitis which can result in proptosis. This is a serious complication characterized by: protrusion of eye, swelling, erythema, pain, limitation of eye movements.

Question 6

Miosis VS Mydriasis

Answer 6

Miosis - pupil constriction

Mydriasis - pupil dilation

Question 7

What is a normal intraocular pressure?
What IOP are seen with POAG and PACG?
Describe both of these processes

Answer 7

10-21 mmHg

Primary open angle glaucoma presents with an insidious onset. The IOP with this process is on the low end of abnormal, being slightly elevated, leading to the gradual and undetected onset. 20-39.

POAG occurs when there is a slow and subtle decrease in aqueous humor drainage leading to slight elevations in IOP. Over time this causes the characteristic decrease in vision seen with glaucoma which is decreased peripheral vision. This decrease in peripheral vision is due to optic nerve compression from IOP elevation.

Primary angle closure glaucoma has an acute onset, where there is blockage of aqueous humor which quickly and significantly elevates IOP. Pressures can be 40+.

PACG is an acute process where there is sudden painful decrease in vision. Headache, nausea, blurred vision, halos around lights. This is caused by an acute obstruction of the outflow of the aqueous humor leading to a significant increase in IOP and damage to the optic nerve.

Question 8

Tonometry
- What are normal findings?

Answer 8

How intraocular pressure is measured.

Different types:
- Most accurate - numb the eye, probe is placed and cornea
- Most used - air puff

Normal IOP ranges from 10-20
POAG - 20-39
PACG - 40+