NICER STUDY - 3 outcomes
1/5 UK teens myopic
Myopia prevalence in uk white children similar to white children other countries
Myopia more likely 6-13yo
6 major avoidable causes in low income areas
APGAR
Activity Pulse Grimace Appearance Respiration
Normal lag of accom
0.5-0.75D
Abnormal lag
> 1D
Indicates uncorrected hyperopia/presbyopia/accom insufficiency
Lead of accommodation indicates?
Accommodative spasm
WD for teller
VA range
38/55/84 cm
6/4.5 - 6/800
- normative data upto 4yo
Cardiff test
1-3yo
6/6 - 6/120 (11 levels)
- 3 cards each va level
WD: 50cm/1m
Lea symbols
3-7yo
4 symbols - equal blur- may overestimate va
Crowded -> amblyopia detection
Sheridan gardner
3/6m
Learning difficulties
Kay pics
3m
Monocular
Crowding
May overestimate VA