F/E & ABG's

Question 1

In respiratory acidosis the client is not?

Answer 1

Breathing out enough CO2

Question 2

Name 4 assessments in a hypernatremic patient.

Answer 2

1. restless
2. stupor
3. coma
4. drowsy

Question 3

3 Musculoskeletal signs of hypernatremia.

Answer 3

1. twitching
2. cramps
3. weakness

Question 4

4 causes of hyponatremia.

Answer 4

1. Vomiting
2. Diarrhea
3. NG suction
4. Excessive sweating

Question 5

4 assessments of hyponatremia.

Answer 5

1. Seizures
2. Increased ICP
3. Shallow respirations
4. Muscle Spasms

Question 6

This electrolyte helps maintain fluid balance. It forms stomach acid and is directly related to Na and K.

Answer 6

Chloride

Question 7

What causes hyperchloremia?

Answer 7

1. losing fluid through dehydration, vomiting, or sweating.
2. Retaining excessive chloride - d/t steroids / Cushing’s disease.

Question 8

Which fluid treats Hyperchloremia?

Answer 8

LR

Question 9

Symptoms of Hyperchloremia are the same as ________mia.

Answer 9

Hypernatremia

Question 10

Name 2 causes of hypochloremia.

Answer 10

1. Volume overload (dilutes chloride)
2. Salt loss (burns, sweating, NG tube suction, and CF)

Question 11

Which fluid helps hypochloremia?

Answer 11

NS

Question 12

This electrolyte is critical for muscle contraction (heart/skeletal). Its also important in acid base balance

Answer 12

Potassium

Question 13

Name 3 causes of Hyperkalemia.

Answer 13

1. DKA
2. Burns
3. Meds: ACE/ARBS/Diuretics

Question 14

Name 3 signs Hyperkalemia.

Answer 14

1. Muscle weakness
2. EKG changes: Tall-peaked T-waves
3. Decreased/ absent DTR’s

Question 15

Which fluid helps with hyperkalemia?

Answer 15

D5W + regular insulin

Question 16

3 ways to reduce hyperkalemia.

Answer 16

1. Kayexalate
2. Diuretics
3. Dialysis

Question 17

If a patient is in hyperkalemia you should _________ potassium supplements.

Answer 17

discontinue

Question 18

Name 3 foods high in potassium.

Answer 18

1. Potatoes
2. Salmon
3. Dried beans

Question 19

When you see hypokalemia think ______ and ______.

Answer 19

weakness & fatigue

Question 20

When a patient is hypokalemic you will see these two EKG changes. Slightly peaked ______ wave, _______ depression, and a prominent _______ wave.

Answer 20

P wave , ST, U wave

Question 21

When a patient is hypokalemic hold ______.

Answer 21

digoxin

Question 22

This electrolyte plays an important role in bones, teeth, nerves, and muscles. It helps with coagulation and has an inverse relationship with phosphorus.

Answer 22

Calcium

Question 23

Name 3 causes of hypercalcemia.

Answer 23

1. Vit D toxicity
2. Low phosphorus level
3. broken down bones

Question 23

Calcium is controlled by _______.

Answer 23

Vitamin D

Question 24

A hypocalcemic patient will look ______ and things _________.

Answer 24

sedated / slow down

Question 25

Name 3 GI signs of hypercalcemia

Answer 25

1. hypoactive 2. kidney stones 3. constipation

Question 26

Name 2 cardiac signs of Cardiovascular

Answer 26

1. DVT 2. Bradycardia

Question 27

________ IV is the preferred fluid tx.

Answer 27

NS IV

Question 28

Patients with hypercalcemia are _______ not sedated.

Answer 28

HYPER

Question 29

Two neuromuscular signs of hypocalcemia are _____ sign and _______ sign.

Answer 29

1. Chvostek's sign - cheek twitch with jaw tap 2. Trousseau's sign - BP - hand contraction

Question 30

Common arrhythmia with hypocalcemia is _________.

Answer 30

V-tach

Question 31

Calcium rich foods (4)

Answer 31

1. Cheese 2. Soy milk 3. Tofu 4. Almonds

Question 32

Vitamin D rich foods (4)

Answer 32

1. Tuna 2. Oily fish 3. Cod liver oil 4. Egg yolk

Question 33

This electrolyte has an inverse relationship with Calcium. There is also large components of the bones and teeth. Major role in cellular metabolism.

Answer 33

Phosphorus

Question 34

Name 3 causes of hyperphosphetemia.

Answer 34

1. Renal Failure 2. Tumor lysis syndrome 3. Hyperparathyroidism.

Question 35

Assessments of hyperphosphetemia are related to symptoms of _________.

Answer 35

hypocalcemia.

Question 36

Symptoms of hypophosphetemia are related to assessments of ________.

Answer 36

hypercalcemia

Question 37

Name 3 causes of hypophosphemtemia.

Answer 37

1. malnutrition - not eating enough 2. TPN - goes around the gut - not getting enough adequate nutrition. 3. Alcoholism - impairs the GI tract to absorb nutrients.

Question 38

Name 2 treatments of hypophosphetemia.

Answer 38

1. Diet low in Ca 2. Phosphorus replacement

Question 39

Name 4 Phosphorus rich foods.

Answer 39

1. Chocolate 2. Cola 3. Nuts 4. Beans

Question 40

This electrolyte tends to be directly related to Ca. It plays a major role in skeletal muscle contraction and activating vitamins.

Answer 40

Magnesium

Question 41

Remember Magnesium acts as a ______.

Answer 41

Sedative

Question 42

3 signs of hypomagnesemia.

Answer 42

1. Vasodilation (warm) 2. Coma 3. Decreased DTR's

Question 43

Name 3 causes of hypomagnesemia.

Answer 43

1. Alcoholism 2. Diarrhea 3. Hypocalcemia / hypoparathyroidism

Question 44

When assessing a patient with hypomagnesemia they will be _________.

Answer 44

opposite of sedated

Question 45

3 signs of hypomagnesemia.

Answer 45

1. Psychosis 2. Tetany seizures 3. Cramping

Question 46

________ is a common arrhythmia seen in hypomagnesemia.

Answer 46

Torsades de pointes

Question 47

How do you treat Torsades de pointes?

Answer 47

IV push magnesium

Question 48

Same tonicity as the blood. _______ fluids will not cause a fluid shift.

Answer 48

Isotonic

Question 49

________ fluids has less particles than the blood.

Answer 49

hypotonic

Question 50

When will you use hypotonic fluids?

Answer 50

DKA HHNS (Type 2) Hypernatremia

Question 51

COPD, Stroke, Lung disease, and pneumonia are all causes of _________?

Answer 51

Respiratory Acidosis

Question 52

A patient in respiratory acidosis will look _______, ________, and ______.

Answer 52

confused, lethargic, and dyspnea.

Question 53

When in respiratory acidosis to treat the patient you should give them? (2)

Answer 53

1. Give O2 2. Mechanical Vent

Question 54

In Respiratory Alkalosis there is ________ ventilation. The lungs are getting rid of too much ________.

Answer 54

increased / CO2

Question 55

Panic attacks, shock, pulmonary embolism, and increased altitude are causes of _____ ______.

Answer 55

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 56

A patient in respiratory alkalosis will have ______, _______, and _____ ______.

Answer 56

SOB, H/F numb, Chest pain.

Question 57

In Metabolic Acidosis HCO3 has ______.

Answer 57

decreased

Question 58

_________, __________, and ________ are all causes of Metabolic acidosis.

Answer 58

DKA, Starvation, and Diarrhea.

Question 59

A patient in metabolic acidosis will be ______, ______, and _______.

Answer 59

Tachycardia, Dysrhythmia, and have fruity breath.

Question 60

Name 3 treatments of metabolic acidosis.

Answer 60

1. Insulin / IV fluids 2. Sodium bicarb 3. Dialysis

Question 61

In Metabolic Alkalosis there is an ______ in HCO3 because of _____ _____.

Answer 61

increase / acid loss

Question 62

______, ________, and ______ are all causes of metabolic alkalosis.

Answer 62

Antacid, prolonged emesis, NG tube suctioning.

Question 63

A patient in metabolic alkalosis will be _____, ______, and ______.

Answer 63

lethargic, tachycardia, and arrhythmic.

Question 64

TX for metabolic alkalosis.

Answer 64

1. Replace lost F/E's 2. Antiemetics