fad diets

Question 1

low-carb/high-protein

• example
• summary main components
• health consequences

Answer 1

• Atkins
• less than 50mg CHO per day, high consumption of animal protein
• water inbalance, ketosis, appetite suppression, renal dysfunction, nausea, low performance capacity, dehydration, osteoporosis

Question 2

high-carb/low-fat:

• example
• summary/main components
• health consequences

Answer 2

• pritikin diet
• low fat, low calories, plant-based foods, mainly fuirts and vegatables, fats not exceeding 10% of total daily calories
• inadequate intake of good quality protin, vitamin and mineral deficiences, coronary heart disease

Question 3

low-carb/high-fat:

• example
• summary/main components
• health consequences

Answer 3

• ketogenic diet
• high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet changing the way energy is used in the body
• acidosis, hypoglycemia, GI distress, dehydration, lethargy, kidney stones, dyslipidemia, decreased bone density

Question 4

combination:

• example:
• summary/main components
• health consequences

Answer 4

• zone diet
• hromonal control (insulin, glucagon and eicosanoids) via a specific ratio of protein, CHO, and fat intake
• vitamin and mineral deficiencies

Question 5

one-food:

• example
• summary/main components
• heatlh consequences

Answer 5

• grapefruit diet
• certain combiations of food with grapefruit and grapefruit juice, no sugary/starchy food allowed
• unbalanced nutrition, interfere with certain medication, risk for increase intake of saturated fat, sodium, and cholesterol

Question 6

formula:

• example
• summary/main components
• health consequences

Answer 6

• slim fast diet
• dietary supplements based on a drinkable meal replacement once or twice a day, each containing around 240 kcal
• low nutritional intake, low energy, weakness, risk for eating disorders

Question 7

T/F

fad diets have nothing to do with cultural, regional, and ethnic diets (e.g. mediterranean diet)

Answer 7

True

Question 8

advantages of low/restricted carb diets

Answer 8

• better blood sugar control for people with type II diabetes - no high glycemic index foods
• less likely to be hungry while on this diet
• will cause a substantial wieght loss - water weight
• 3 meals a day
• lower the consumption of refined sugar
• some recommend lean meats and trimming of fats off meats

Question 9

disadvantages of low restricted carb diets

Answer 9

• is supported by testimonials no science
• lack in essential vitamins, minerals, and fiber
• low in dairy. cause constipation - metabolic dehydration
• can increase risk of
  
  • heart disease
  • high cholesterol
  • diabetes
  • strok
  • certain kinds of cancer
• water imbalance, ketosis, appetite suppression, renal dysfunction, nausea, low performance capacity, dehydration, osteoporosis

Question 10

advantages of low-fat diets:

Answer 10

• emphasizes nutrient-dense foods
• lower risk for disease- deits is low in total fat
• lower saturated fat, trans fats, and cholesterol

Question 11

disadvantages of low-fat diets:

Answer 11

• little satiety
• flatulence
• possibly poor mineral absorption
• limited food choices
• difficult to maintain
• could become costly
• INSULIN RESISTANT

Question 12

characteristics of therapeutic diets and supplements in cancer therapy

Answer 12

• run for short time
• follow figourous basic and clinical scientific research
• are experimental
• limited to a specific type of cancer, disease site, or subtype
• clinically monitored under strict regulation
• MOSTLY ADJUVANT TO THE STANDARD OF CARE (sugery, chemo, radiation)
• MOSTLY TARGET AND EXPLOIT METABOLIC DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CANCER AND NORMAL CELLS
• do not prevent cancer
• not part of the dietary recommendations for cancer patients

Question 13

____ is great for moving electrons

Answer 13

oxygen

Question 14

in eukaryotic cells, over 90% of ROS are produced by

Answer 14

mitochondria

Question 15

ROS are generated via escaping of electrons from mitochondrial ETC mainly from coenzymeQ to molecular ____

Answer 15

oxygen

Question 16

cellular antioxidants system

Answer 16

antioxidant enzymes

small molecular weight antioxidants

Question 17

cancer cells appear to exist in a condition of metabolic ____ ____ characterized by increased steady-state levels of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide

this increase in ROS appears to be compensated for by increases in ____ and ____ metabolism

Answer 17

oxidative stress

glucose and hydroperoxide

Question 18

the condition of metabolic stress in cancer cells may be the result of defects in

Answer 18

mitochondrial metabolism

Question 19

if glucose metabolism in increased in cancer cells to compensate for excess hydroperoxide production from mitochondria respiration, then inhibiting ____ and ____ metabolism while forcing cells to derive erngery from respiration should preferentially kill cancer cells, relative to normal cells

Answer 19

glucose and hydroperoxide

Question 20

ketogenic diet as adjuvant therapy:

• used to treat children with ____ ____
• original ketocal diet available in hospital ____

Answer 20

refractory epilepsy

pharmacies

Question 21

nutrient as adjuvate therapy (vitamin C) aka pharmacological ascorbate:

• cancer cells demonstrate increased steady-state levels of mitochondrial superoxide that react with ____ bound to proteins
• vitamin C works as a ____ by reacting using Fe to autooxidize and results in production of ROS/free radicals
• evidence shows enhanced response to radiation and chemotherapy of cancer cells

Answer 21

• Fe
• pro-oxidant

Question 22

metabolic oxidative stress appears to contribute to the selective sensitization of cancer vs normal cells to pharmacological ____ as well as ____ diets

Answer 22

ascorbate

ketogenic