logical fallacies
A logical fallacy is an argument that can be disproven through reasoning. This is different from a subjective argument or one that can be disproven with facts; for a position to be a logical fallacy, it must be logically flawed or deceptive insome way
* These are errors in reasoning that renders an argument invalid
ad hominem
- Argument Latin word meaning “against the man” “to the person”
- This is unfairly attacking a person instead of the issue or attacking the character or reputation of a position’s supporters. It is like becoming guilty by your association.
begging the question
- circular reasoning
- assumes the conclusion they are trying
to prove is true before giving supporting evidence. - argument is true because you think it’s true
false analogy
making a comparison between two subjects that have more dissimilarities than similarities. Uses analogies to argue
for a conclusion instead of providing reasons or evidence.
two wrongs make a right
defending something wrong that we did by citing another incident of wrong doing. a rebuttal that responds to one claim with reactive criticism rather than with a
response to the claim itself. Related to appeal to hypocrisy also whataboutism.
- related to tu quoque - you too
cause and effect fallacy
This is citing a false or remote cause to
explain a situation or relationship between two things where one can’t actually be proven.
oversimplification
is understating or making a very complicated issue seem very simple by using simple terms or suppressing information
hasty generalization
an arguer is giving an inference or a broad
conclusion drawn from scant or insufficient or sometimes biased evidence or data.
- jumping to conclusions
Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Ho
assuming “correlation does imply causation.” because one thing follows another chronologically, there is a causal relationship
rationalization
is giving false justifications for your viewpoint which can occur when the truth is ineffective, embarrassing to tell,
or harsher than the made-up justifications offered.
strawman
the arguer is misrepresenting or distorting their opponent’s position to more easily discredit it and win the argument.
either or fallacy
- false dilemma, false dichotome
- arguers present two things as if they are the only possible choices when in fact, there are several potential outcomes or alternatives. By doing so, this leads the reader into a “false” sense understanding.
red herring
Putting forth a point of view unrelated to your topic in an effort to divert the reader. This is a diversionary strategy that avoids the important issues, frequently by avoiding opposing arguments instead of addressing them.
equivocation
This is a childish linguistic trick or remark intended to deceive or confound readers or listeners by utilizing several meanings or interpretations of a single word or just by using ambiguous language.
evasion
This is when we are ignoring or evading the questions.
slippery slope
It is implying that one small step in the wrong direction will cause catastrophic results. the arguer claims a specific series of events will follow one starting point, typically with no supporting evidence for this chain of events.
non-sequitur
“It does not follow” These are argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically to the conclusion.
- walang sense
outline
- It shows the hierarchical relationship or the logical ordering of the various topics listed in the text
- a general plan or a blueprint of what you
are going to write. This is created prior to creating a draft of your academic writing - an aid to organizing
your thoughts a lot easier
parts of an outline
- introduction - the first paragraph of your outline which talks about the topic of your text and it usually ends with the thesis statement or the purpose of your paper. Your outline should begin with a thesis statement.
- The body is made up of several paragraphs. It is where the topics and
subtopics are written. The topic sentence for each body paragraph should
support the thesis statement. The topic sentences need to agree with the main
idea or the thesis statement; topic sentence, supporting evidence, explanation - explain how evidence supports topic, so what - what is significant about the ideas, how does it connect to the ts - conclusion - summarizes the paper
types of outline
sentence, topic
4 main components of an effective outline
- parallelism
- division
- coordination
- subordination
parallelism
It is making sure that the topics
and subtopics are parallel in structure.
