Falls

Question 1

True syncope
- 5 Components

Answer 1

True syncope
- 5 Components

1. TLoC
2. Loss of Voluntary muscle tone
3. Rapid onset
4. Full recovery
   - Spontaneous and prompt
5. Transient global cerebral hypo-perfusion

Question 2

Syncope
- 3 Causes

Answer 2

Syncope
- 3 Causes

1. Reflex syncope syndromes
   - Situational
   - Vasovagal
   - Carotid sinus
2. Orthostatic hypotension
3. Cardiac syncope

Question 3

Fall
- Collateral history

Answer 3

Fall
- Collateral history

1. Posture
2. Colour/appearance
3. Abnormal movement
4. Tongue biting (sides)/ incontinence
5. Duration
6. Post-event conclusion

Question 4

Cardiac syncopes
- Arhythmias
- Structural
- Vascular

Answer 4

Cardiac syncopes

• Arhythmias
  1. Brady
  2. Tachy
• Structural
  1. Cardiomyopathy
  2. Myxoma
  3. Pericarditis/tamponade
• Vascular
  1. PE
  2. Aortic dissection
  3. Steal syndrome

Question 5

Echocardiogram
- Indications

Answer 5

Echocardiogram
- Indications

1. Murmur
2. Heart failure
3. Sig LVH
4. Others

Question 6

Cardiac monitor
- Indications

Answer 6

Cardiac monitor
- Indications

1. Frequent events
2. Abnormal 12 lead
3. Rate limiting treatment
4. AF
5. Cardiac history

Question 7

Syncope
- non-cardiac cause investigations

Answer 7

Syncope
- non-cardiac cause investigations

1. Tilt table
   - Failure of compensatory SNS
2. Carotid sinus massage

Question 8

Orthostatic hypotension
- test timings

Answer 8

Orthostatic hypotension
- test timings

1. 0 min
2. 3 min

Question 9

Vasovagal syncope
- Mx

Answer 9

Vasovagal syncope
- Mx

1. Prevention education
2. PCM
   - Physical counter-pressure maneuvers
3. Poly-pharmacy correction
4. Midodrine

Question 10

Carotid sinus hypersensitivity
- Mx

Answer 10

Carotid sinus hypersensitivity
- Mx

1. Dual chamber pacing
2. Education
3. PCMs
   - Leg cross
   - Squat
   - forearm grip
4. Poly-pharmacy correction