False memories

Question 1

What are recovered memories?

Answer 1

Reappearance of memories for past events after a significant period in which these memories were not accessible.

Question 2

What does Schooler et al (1997) suggest are the 3 requirements for recovering memories?

A) Reality of event, Reality of forgetting, Reality of remembering
B) Reality of occurrence, Reality of forgetting, Reality of remembering
C) Reality of event, Reality of forgetting, Reality of recovery

Answer 2

C) Reality of event, Reality of forgetting, Reality of recovery

Question 3

What is the reality of the event?

Answer 3

Surety that the event you ‘remember’ actually happened

Question 4

What is reality of forgetting?

Answer 4

Surety that those memories were lost for a large period of time

Question 5

What is reality of recovery?

Answer 5

The memories must be recovered spontaneously, not artificially created.

Question 6

What is false memory syndrome?

Answer 6

Systematic creation of memories that never occurred

Question 7

How does false memory syndrome often occur?

Answer 7

When you put pressure on someone to remember, they often create false memories to just please people

Question 8

What happened in Roediger & Mcdermott (1995) experiment 1?

Answer 8

Completed a recall task in which results found that there was a 65% probability of recalling an item that was on the list but 40% of recalling a critical item that was not on the list.

Question 9

What is the difference between a ‘hit’ and a ‘miss’ in the recognition tests?

Answer 9

Hit= A yes response to an actual word
Miss= A no response to an actual word

Question 10

What is considered a false alarm in recognition tasks?

Answer 10

Saying yes to a word that did not appear in the original list

Question 11

What can Hit rates and False alarm rates be combined to create?

Answer 11

Measures of memory performance based on signal detection theory

Question 12

What happened in Roediger & Mcdermott (1995) experiment 2?

Answer 12

Used longer lists and split ppts into 2 categories of either completing both recognition and recall or only completing recall.

Question 13

What do recognition experiments often show within result graphs and why?

Answer 13

A serial position curve

This is because of primary and recency effect in which you remember the beginning and most recent words from the list

Question 14

What does this phrase describe?

“Items where ppts are sure they were on the list but don’t have a memory of hearing the word”

A) Remember items
B) Know items

Answer 14

B) Know items

Question 15

What are remember items?

Answer 15

Ppts have vivid memories of the actual presentation of the item

Question 16

How does the Loftus & Pickerel (1995) study improve on original memory studies?

Answer 16

Tested their concepts created within labs in real life conditions eg malls

Question 17

What happened in the Loftus & Pickrell (1995) study?

Answer 17

Ppts were told 4 stories from their childhood but one was entirely fabricated. They were asked to answer a questionnaire detailing their knowledge and were interviewed by psychologists in 2 separate occurances.

Question 18

What were the results in the Loftus & Pickrell (1995) study?

Answer 18

7/24 accepted the false memory and after 2 interviews, 6 maintained it was a true memory.

Question 19

How was clarity affected within the shopping mall experiment?

Answer 19

Clarity is higher within truer events but for false events, it does not decrease over time, so if you have the original belief, it stays clear.

Question 20

Which of the following events could not meet Schooler’s (1997) criteria for a “Recovered Memory”?

A) An event that was always remembered.
B) An event that happened, but not in childhood.
C) An event that was not traumatic.
D) An event that was retrieved during therapy.

Answer 20

A) An event that was always remembered.

Question 21

In a recognition test, a No response to a New Item (Distractor) is know as a..?

A) Hit
B) False Alarm
C) Miss
D) Correct Rejection

Answer 21

D) Correct Rejection

Question 22

In Tulving’s (1985) terminology a “Know” response…?

A) Is equivalent to a false alarm
B) Is equivalent to a correct rejection
C) Is made when the participant thinks they recognise an item without a specific event memory
D) Is made when the participant definitely knows the answer

Answer 22

C) Is made when the participant thinks they recognise an item without a specific event memory

Question 23

Loftus & Pickrell (1995) found that…?

A) False alarm rates were higher than hit rates for real events.
B) Memories for real events got higher clarity ratings than false memories.
C) Both false and true memories got worse with time
D) Most participants produced false memories

Answer 23

B) Memories for real events got higher clarity ratings than false memories.