1
Q
how does the Animal Welfare act 2006 apply to wild animals
A
once under temporary or permanent care of a human the animal welfare act 2006 will extend to wild animals including birds
2
Q
what should you do with an injured wild bird that comes into your practice
A
- keep in covered dark box
- dont give food
- keep away from predators that could cause stress
- provide water but dont force feed
- if young or injured provide hot water botle to keep warm
- ask whoever brought into practice for contact detaisl and location of where found and reason/circumstance for rescue
3
Q
A
harris hawk
4
Q
A
peregrine falcon
5
Q
A
merlin
6
Q
A
red tailed hawk/buzzard
7
Q
A
golden eagle
8
Q
A
goshawk
9
Q
A
red kite
10
Q
A
common buzzard
11
Q
outline the legalities regarding birds of prey and other wild animals
A
- illegal to take birds of prey from the wild and keep them without Defra licence unless it is receiving treatment from a vet or person registered to treat and release
- wildlife and countryside act 1981 is for the protection and management of wild animals
- any species listed in schedule 9 are considered non native . these animals legally cannot be released or allowed to escape
12
Q
what animals are allowed to be re-released under the schedule 9 general license
A
general license: certain schedule 9 animals can be re-released after a breif period of rehabilitation under a general licence
- barn owl
- northern goshawk
- red kite
- white tailed eagle
13
Q
identify common welfare problems with captive birds of prey
A
- poor housing
- lack of exercise
- incorrect diet
- lack of social interaction with humans and/or other birds of prey
14
Q
is a licence required to own and fly captive bred birds of prey
A
no
15
Q
A
16
Q
what is this equipment called
A
swivel
17
Q
what is flight weight
A
ideal weight for flying (lowest weight that allows optimal performance
18
Q
what does the term cast refer to
A
- the method to hold a bird for examination
- to regurgitate a pellet
- two or more birds flown together
19
Q
what does the term cast off refer to
A
released from the fist
20
Q
what does the term casting refer to
A
indigestible part of the diet
21
Q
what does the term foot or footing refer to
A
when a bird strikes with its feet
22
Q
what does the term imping refer to
A
replacement of damaged feathers by gluing a new tip onto a broken feather (allows precision flying)
23
Q
what does the term mutes refer to
A
droppings/feces
24
Q
what does the term manned mean
A
a bird that has been tamed and is used to humans
25
what does the term mews refer to
building that a brd is kept/trained in
26
what does the term hood refer to
leather cap that covers a birds face and is used to calm birds
27
describe daily management and husbandry requirements of captive birds of prey
2 housing systems:
- tether on blocks or perches
- aviaries (free lofting)
2 perch types:
- bow
- block
3 perch surfaces:
- astroturf
- nylon rope
- natural materials
some surfaces can cause injury to the feet bumblefoot)
28
describe the dietary requirements of birds of prey
- raptors eat an entire carcass and then regurgitate the bones and feather/fur
- never feed pure muscle as not balanced
- dont feed the same thing each day as will not provide balanced diet
- consider hwo food is sourced/kept/frozen/defrosted
- Ca:P ratio important --> should be 2:1 in growing birds and 1.5:1 in adult birds
- always provide fresh water for drinking and bathing
- diet should be tailored to activity
29
describe how to cast a bird
- using a twel grasp the bird from behind, both hands should be around the wings/body
- next wrap the towel around the body ideally covering head
- dont restrict breathing
- place one side of the bird against your budy and move one hand to place your fingers around the birds legs to hold the feet
- once casted an assistant/owner can hold the bird for you in the towel, telling them not to restrict breathing or let go of legs
30
what are common injuries of wild birds of prey
- wing tip oedema
- pododermatitis
- blunt trauma (head trauma/fractures)
31
what are the main causes of pododermatitis in birdsmof prey
- injury (rodent bites)
- self injury (talons into foot)
- incorrect perch/perch covering
- poor perch hygeine
- obesity
- nutritional deficiency
32
how is pododermatitis prevented
- balanced diet
- clean environment
- cover perches with suitable material
- handle and fly more or free loft
33
what is wing tip oedema
reduced blood flow to wing tips causes feather loss oedema and damage to the tissue at the tips of the wings
prevention: keep birds warm and dry
34
wht are the main concerns regarding head trauma in birds of prey
- bleeds
- fractures
- damage to eyes = no precision = cant hunt = cant be released as will starve to death
35
what are some common husbandry related diseases in captive birds of prey
- enteritis
- endoparasites (coccidia and capillaria)
- crop stasis
36
what is enteritis
- abnormal mutes is the main clinical sign
- they can also vomit or regurgitate, have blood or undigested food in their feces and or have anorexia
- acute enteritis is an emergency
37
what are the causes of enteritis
- bacterial
- viral
- fungal
- endoparasitic
- toxicity
- other (foreign body etc)
38
shoulf you expect to see endoparasites in wild birds
yes - wild birds should naturallt have some parasite burden but it will be in balance and will not cause clinical disease. however if they get ill or stressed the worm burden can become unbalaced and make them clinically unwell
- wild animals brought into captivity are routinely tested and treated for worms/parasites
39
what is crop stasis
crop (storage organ) emptying is prolonged and the meat being stored inside will rot
causes:
- crop infection
- inappropriate food
- dehydration
- low body condition
- over full crop/over gorging
never feed a bird of prey if the cast has not yet been regurgitated
40
what legislation requires birds to be kept in cages where they can at the minimum extend their wings in all directions
wildlife and coutryside act 1981
41
what should indoor bird cages be constructed out of
- stainless steel (not powder coated)
- horizontal bars for climbing
- avoid curved edges to maximise space
- easy to clean
42
what are the problems with largely seed based diets
- variable in quality and nutritional composition
- high in fat
- low in nutrients (amino acids, vitamins A,E and D, iodine, inverse Ca:p ratio
- bacterial and fungal contamination common
43
what is zinc toxicity
- get from galvanised/powder coated metals such as new cages, coins, keys, wire, lead rings
- signs: lethargy, regurgitation, weight loss, anemia, drinking and urinating more, neurological signs, feather plucking
44
what are common causes of feather plucking
- breeding
- behavioural (stress, boredom, poor socialisation)
- nutritional deficiency
- improper husbandry (no bathing/spraying, air quality issues, inadequate UV light)
- allergies
- systemic disease
- pain
- zinc poisioning
- poor wing clipping
45
what is hypocalcaemia in birds
- calcium metabolism requires vitamin D
- UV light required for conversion of vitamin D to active form
- causes in indoor birds: either inadequate UV light exposure or calcium and vitamin D deficient diets
signs:
- neuro issues (wobbling, incoordination, twitching, seizures)
- osteodystrophy (bone abnormalities and fractures)
- beak deformities
- repro issues including egg abnormalities and egg binding
- poor feather quality and plucking (grey parrots especially prone
46
describe hypovitaminosis A in birds
- most common vitamin deficiency
- vitamin A important for health and immune function
- affects epithelial cells throughout body (resp tract, repro tract, urinary tract)
clinical signs
- nasal discharge
- periorbital swelling
- abscesses
- sinusitis
- white plaques around face and in mouth
- conjunctivitis
- breathing difficulties
- increasing urination and drinking
- poor feather quality and plucking
47
describe respiratory diseases in birds
- can be caused by air quality issues (air fresheners, smoke, perfue, dust, teflon tox)
- aspergillosis (opportunistic fungal infection, flares up due to stress, immunosuppression, underlying disease, poor husbandry, nutritional deficiencies)
- psittacosis (zoonotic, triggered by stress, carrier birds esp budgies and cockatiels)
48
describe common husbandry practices in captive birds
- ringing/microchipping/DNA profiling/tattooing/rubberstamping/photographing for indetification and trace
- wing clipping (controversial)
- claw and beak trimming
49
describe the issues with wing clipping and the procedure
problems:
- feather plucking
- delayed moult
- stress
- injury
procedure:
- bilateral not unilateral
- use sharp sterile scissors to cut primary feathers
- flight still possibe (warn O)
- flight test, if flies over 7.5m clip another
- NEVER cut blood feathers
50
list reasons for beak and claw trimming
normally maintained by mechanical action
- overgrowth (nutritional deficiency, liver disease, inadequate husbandry)
- malocclusion
- infectious disease
- fractures
- perching issues
use dremmel for beak
may need GA
Y1 AHW
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