Feedback
All sensory information that people can be received during and after a movement
Functions of feedback (3)
- Error correction
- Reinforcement behaviour
- Psychological state enhancement
Processing feedback
Feedback is sent to the executive part of the brain where the actual outcome is compared in the comparator with the desired outcome
Open loop control
- A type of control that involves the use of centrally determined pre-structured demands sent to the effector system
- Without feedback
- Used by individuals to control rapid discrete movements
- Advance instructions sent only once
- Programme is initiated and executed
- No capability to detect errors
Closed loop control
- A type of control that involves the use of feedback and the activity of error detection and correction processes to maintain the desired goal
- Slow deliberate movements
- Decision making
- Information may be sent in ‘waves’
- Feedback is always available
Closed loop control type 2
- The comparator is a system that helps with error detection by comparing the current movement patterns with previous ones
- A mismatch in these results in motor reorganisation and correction of the movement
Inherent/intrinsic feedback
- Sensory information that arises as a natural consequence of producing a movement
- Can require no evaluation at all
- Requires a learned reference of correctness
Types of Inherent/intrinsic feedback (4)
- Interoception
- Balance
- Proprioception
- Kinaesthesis
Interoception
From within the body
Balance
Organs in the middle ear (vestibular apparatus) send messages to the CNS that relate to turning, tripping, and inverting the body
Proprioception
- Proprioception enables us to know where our limbs are in space without looking
- Sensory information within the body
- Reduce injury risk by the feel of movements
Muscle spindles
- Sensitive to change in length and speed of change in fibres
- Feedback loop with the brain from the muscle to the brain, then back to the muscle via Gamma motor neurons
Golgi tendon organs
- Detect prolonged change in tension
- Protection of muscle tissue
The vestibular
Located in the inner ear which helps with balance and posture
What does the sensory system of the vestibular detect (4)
- Motion
- Head position
- Spatial orientation
- Motor functions that help to control
Extrinsic/Augmented feedback
- Consists of information provided to the learner by some outside sources
- Can be delivered in various mediums
- Equally needs to understand the error detection process
Types of augmented feedback (10)
- Concurrent feedback
- Immediate feedback
- Verbal feedback
- Accumulated feedback
- KOR feedback
- KOP feedback
- Terminal feedback
- Delayed feedback
- Non-verbal feedback
- Distinct feedback
Concurrent feedback
Presented during the movement
Immediate feedback
Provided immediately after the relevant action
Verbal feedback
Presented in a verbal format
Accumulated feedback
Feedback that represents an accumulation of past performance
Knowledge of results
Verbalised post-movement information about the outcome of the movement
Knowledge of performance
Verbalised post-movement information about the nature of the movement pattern
Terminal feedback
Presented after the movement
