1
Q
intrinsic feedback
A
- info from internal sources
- feel of movement as performed
- detected by proprioceptors
- helps autonomous performers correct movement
- e.g. kinesthesis enables the pole vaulter to adjust during performance
2
Q
extrinsic feedback
A
- info from outside sources
- involves seeing or hearing
- positive or negative
- used to perform intrinsic feedback
- good for cognitive performers
- e.g. coach giving feedback to novice golfer
3
Q
advantages of intrinsic feedback
A
- good for autonomous
- kinesthesis
- helps fluency of skill
- allows performer to have more attentional space
- time to think about or focus on peripheral stimuli
4
Q
disadvantages of intrinsic
A
- less effective at cognitive and associative stages
- can hinder learner if overused
- demotivating at cognitive and associative stage
5
Q
advantages of extrinsic
A
- good at cognitive and associative stage
- helps understand correct pattern of movement
- teaches the performer to know how to focus on/use intrinsic feedback
- can be a source of positive reinforcement
6
Q
disadvantages of extrinsic feedback
A
- can become too dependent on extrinsic feedback
- less effective in developing kinesthesis needed to reach the autonomous stage
- if overused, effectiveness as +ve reinforcement lessened
7
Q
positive feedback
A
- received when the moment is correct
- reinforces actions, good for motivating
- can be intrinsic/extrinsic
- e.g. when correctly controlling the ball in basketball
8
Q
negative feedback
A
- received when the movement is incorrect or could be improved
- reduces chances of bad habits developing
- e.g. when control of the basketball is lost
9
Q
advantages of positive
A
- good at cognitive and associative stages
- indicates which part of the skill has been performed correctly
- gives confidence
- imported motivation
10
Q
disadvantages of positive
A
- less effective at autonomous stages when mistakes need to identified
- ineffective is unspecific or imprecise
11
Q
advantages of negative
A
- good at the autonomous stage
- can finely tune well learned skills
- helps performer remain at autonomous stage
- motivating for autonomous stage
12
Q
disadvantages of negative
A
- less effective at cognitive and associative stages
- can hinder learning if overused
- demotivating at cognitive + associative stage
13
Q
knowledge of results
A
- info about the outcome/results of the movement
- extrinsic, +ve or -ve
- useful at all levels of the skill
14
Q
knowledge of performance
A
- info about the quality of movement
- can be extrinsic or intrinsic
- informs performer is skill is right or wrong
- important for autonomous performers
- e.g. feeling balance to control technique on pommel horse
15
Q
advantages of knowledge of results
A
- good at cognitive and associative stages
- allows correction after movement or outcome
- enables skills to be modified
- good for open skills as outcome is measure of success
16
Q
disadvantages of knowledge or results
A
- not as effective for autonomous
- only after movement completed, corrections cannot be made during performance
- not effective in closed skills as technique is measure of success e.g. how good a vault looks
17
Q
advantages of knowledge of performance
A
- ideal at autonomous stage
- allows for quick correction
- good for modifying overlearn skills
- very effective in some closed skills as it enables technique to be adjusted
18
Q
disadvantages of knowledge of performance
A
- less likely at cognitive
- gained through experience so may take a long time to develop
- long process may be demotivating, may present some from reaching autonomous stage
