NURS322 > Fetal Development > Flashcards

Fetal Development Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Purpose of pelvis in females

A

Protection of the pelvic structures

Accommodation of the growing fetus

Anchorage of pelvic support structures

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2
Q

Two parts of pelvise

A

True and flase pelvis

Top is false

Bottom, where structures are conaine is the true pelvis

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3
Q

Spermatogenesis takes how long

A

Complete spermatogenisis takes 74 days

  • 300-400 million sperm produced per day
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4
Q

What percentage of sperm survice popst ejac

A

most sperm do not survive more that 48 hours within the female reproductive tract - only 50 000 – 100 000 reach the ovum

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5
Q

What protects sperm for avaginal acidity

A

Alkaline

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6
Q

Composition of semen

A

60% seminal vesicular fluid, 30% prostatic fluid, 10% sperm and spermatic duct secretions

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7
Q

Scrotum temp regulation

A

cremaster muscle contracts and relaxes testes closer and further from body
dartos muscle contracts scrotum to be wrinkled, which decreases its surface area
pampiniform plexus- vein network cools arterial blood

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8
Q

Temp requirements for spermatogenesis

A

The scrotum maintains a temperature 2-3°F lower than the body, which is critical for spermatogenesis

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9
Q

Cryptochidism

A

Un-descended testes (one or both)

 affects 3% of term and 30% of pre-term

 If left untreated = sterility after puberty

 Will descent in 80 % of boys in first year of life; if not = surgical correction by 18 months of age

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10
Q

How many primary oocyte

A

2 million are formed during fetal development

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11
Q

Secondary oocyte

A

: Develops and starts meiosis monthly

Second meiosis is only completed when fertilized = zygote

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12
Q

Ages of optimum fertility

A

17-28 years old and starts to decrease at 35

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13
Q

3 “cycles” within menstrual cycle

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary Cycle
 Ovarian Cycle
 Endometrial Cycle

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14
Q

Oocyte progression through menstruation

A

Primary follicle
Graffian follicle

Ovulation releases the egg

Leftover tissue is the corpus luteum - which degenerates

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15
Q

Hormone fluctuations associated with the end of the cycle

A

Decrease in progesterone and estrogen from hypothalamus

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16
Q

 The release of ____________ stimulates LH & FSH

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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17
Q

Role of LH

A

rupture of follicle and conversion of ovum to the corpus luteum

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18
Q

FSH Role

A

starts at menstruation causing ovum to mature

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19
Q

Proliferative phase

A

estrogen causes proliferation of ovarian mucosa until ovulation

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20
Q

Secretory phase

A

– progesterone causes maturation and secretion by uterine glands- until about 3 days prior to onset of menses

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21
Q

Ischemic phase

A

blood supply to lining stops and lining prepares to slough

Progesterone levels fall

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22
Q

3 phases of uterine/endometrial cycle

A

Proliferative
Secretory
Ischemic

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23
Q

4 phases of Ovarian cycle

A

Follicular (Day 1-30)
Ovulation (day 14)
Luteal phase
Ischemic phase

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23
Q

Luteal phase

A

the follicle develops into the corpus luteum, increased progesterone maintains the uterine lining

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24
What is ovulation
Maturation of ovum
25
When does implantation occur
6-10 days post fertilization
26
Trophoblast
Trophoblast is a thin layer of cells that helps a developing embryo attach to the wall of the uterus, protects the embryo, and forms a part of the placenta. Secretes enzymes to burrow into the endometrium develops chorionic villi to act as vascular processes for O2/nutrients and CO2/waste disposal
27
Where does implantation normally occur
Prefers anterior or posterior fundal region
28
Endometrium termed
Decidua
29
Gestational age counted from
LMP
30
Since ovulation doesn’t occur until Day 14, the moment ________ occurs, the zygote is already considered to be at 2 weeks gestational age
fertilization
31
When the women misses her first period (approx. Day 28), the embryo has been developing for 2 weeks but is considered _______- gestational age
4 weeks
32
Naegle’s Rule: `
First day of LMP Add One year Subtract 3 months Add 7 days EDD
33
During embryogenesis, three germ layers form as the source of all embryo tissues and organs:
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
34
Embryonic phase
Day 15 until Week 8 All organ structures are in place
35
Teratogens are biggest threat when
Embryonic phase
36
Fetal phase
Week 9 until birth
37
Viability
Able to survice outside of uterus
38
Current age of viability
24-25 weeks
39
HR in fetus
110-160
40
Higher Hgb conc in circulation of fetus?
Additional RBCs, 50% greater
41
Hemalobin affinity for O2 in fetus
20% to 30% more oxygen
42
Ductus Venosus
LIVER shunt
43
Formen ovale
R to L atrium hole
44
Purpose of ductus arteriorsis
bypassing fetal lungs.
45
Amnion
Inner membrane Fills with amniotic fluid Holds baby
46
Chorion
Contains placenta Outer membrane
47
Amnoitic fluid secreted by
Amnioin
48
Amniotic fluid
Believed secreted by the amnion, maternal vessels in the decidua & fetal vessels in placenta Babe swallows and urinates fluid (Week 11) Babe “breathes in” fluid into lungs Volume Increases during pregnancy – peaks around 2 wks before due date Volume ~ 700 – 1000 mL at term
49
Polyhydramnios
TOO much amniotic fluid > 2L
50
Oligohydraminios
Too little amnioitc fluid <300mL
51
Role of amniotic fluid
Maintains a constant temperature for the fetus Provides oral fluid for babe to practice breathing and swallowing Cushions the fetus from trauma Allows freedom of movement for musculoskeletal development Prevents the fetus from becoming entangled in amnion or cord
52
Where is the birthing process counted from
Ischeal spine (True pelvis) -5 = Very high in pelvis (Birth is not imminent) +5 = Baby is close to coming out
53
Where is the uterus anchored
Only at the cervix
54
What is the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
Determined by internal repro structures in a persons body
55
Low sperm count
Recent febrile illness within Last 3 months
56
How many sperm survive past 48 hours in repro tract
50,000 - 100,000
57
Acidity of vagina in ovulation
More alkaline (sperm friendly)
58
How many mLs per ejac
3-5mL
59
When are primary oocytes formed
Fetal development
60
Secondary meiosis is only completed when
Fertilized Becomes a zygote
61
How many cycles in menstrual
3 simultaneous cycles - Hypothalamic pituitary cycle - Ovarian cycle -Endometrial Cycle
62
Pituitary gland directly controls which hormone spikes
LH and FSH
63
Corpus luteum does what post ovulation
Secretes extra hormones to increases chances of fertilization (Progesterone and some estrogen) Before it shrivels up
64
When Corpus luteum shrivels up and stops releasing hormones ...
Menstruation
65
When will hormones spike
Estrogen spike just before ovulaition Progesterone spikes after ovulation (pregnancy hormones) - Plummets when that doesn't happen
66
Understand LH and FSH role
Prompt ovulatory cycle
67
higher estrogen typically leads to sex appeal
68
Implanatation occurs how long after fetrilization? Intercourse?
6-10 days, add one to two more
69
Where does implaatation usually occur
Prefers anterior and posterior fundal region
70
Be able to recognize three germ layers
During embryogenesis, three germ layers form as the source of all embryo tissues and organs: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
71
Placenta function
Production of various proteins Manufactures hormones (takes over production from the maternal endocrine system) Delivery of oxygen, nutrients, excretion of wastes, CO2 Heat transfer Placenta stores things to deliver to the baby when it needs them
72
4 Placental Hormones
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Human placental lactogen (hPL) Estrogen Progesterone
73
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
“Pregnancy hormone” detected in home pregnancy tests Signals to body that pregnancy has taken place Detected in presence of pregnancy (Must double every 48 hours for successful pregnancy) - Indicates fertilization, not implantation
74
2. Human placental lactogen (hPL)
Stimulates maternal metabolism to supply nutrient for fetal growth Increases resistance to insulin & facilitates glucose transport across placenta
75
3. Estrogen stimulate
Uteroplacental blood flow- Growth
76
4. Progesterone does
Stays high to keep estrogen from spiking and falling - Relaxation and maintenance
77
When does placenta take over hormone production
Week 9
78
Three transport mechanisms in placenta
Diffusion: gases, vitamins, water (low molecular weight) Active transport: glucose*, amino acids, minerals (high molecular weight) Pinocytosis: albumin, immunoglobulins (large molecules)
79
What impacts placental Blood Flow
BP: Too high – can damage small capilliaries Too low – insufficent perfusion Maternal position Not flat on back (Laying too long on your back) Weight of uterus compresses maternal vena cava in 3rd trimester Left lateral provides best blood flow- pillow under right hip Lifestyle choices Smoking, cocaine, contraindicated medications
80
Highest risk dyzygotic pregnancy
Monozygotic in monoamniotic sac Shared placenta
81
What is each trimester known for
1st - Organogenesis 2nd Trimester - Growth and development 3rd Trimester: Storage (Bulking up)
82
Tetaragens
Hot baths (Sustained high levels increase basal temp on inside) Occupational hazards Medications Alcohol Smoking Infectious diseases Live immunizations Toxoplasmosis - kitty litter X-rays (Reduce unnecessary ones)
83
Meds and pregnancy
Advil is contraindicated Tylenol is safe Meds are not tested on pregnant women anymore
84
Presumptive sign of pregnancy
changes felt by the woman (e.g., amenorrhea, fatigue, breast changes)
85
Probable signs of pregnancy
those changes observed by an examiner (e.g., ballottement, pregnancy tests)
86
Positive signs of pregnancy
those signs attributed only to the presence of the fetus (e.g., hearing fetal heart tones, visualizing the fetus, palpating fetal movements)
87
earliest biochemical marker for pregnancy
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HcG) Production begins as early as day of implantation  Can be detected in maternal serum or urine as soon as 7 to 8 days before the expected menses
88
Can women bleed during pregnancy
Yes Cervix very fryable If bothered a lot
89
Ballotment
Internal cervical palpation by practitioner
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