Fieldwork Flashcards

Question

What does explain mean

Answer 1

Give reasons for your data, this needs to be supported with geographical understanding

Answer 2

LSD was going from south to north

Answer 3

* Groyne 1: Middle of it: N 51cm - S 125cm *That is the distance from top of groyne to the sand so the north side has more sand.* This is one example that the sand was higher on the north side of groynes

Answer 4

Overall mean - N 89cm S 101cm This mean shows that the beach is built up on the North side of each groyne

Answer 5

The beach sediment at Hunstanton accumulates on the north side of the groyne due to waves colliding with the groynes at an angle, causing the deposition of sediment. This leads to an increase in the height of the beach and further friction, resulting in more sediment being deposited on the north side. An anomaly in the data was found at the middle of the second groyne, where the beach height was greater on the north side than on the south side. This may be due to the groyne being damaged at that point, which prevented sediment from being trapped as expected.

Answer 6

Found that the beach was wider where there were groynes (New Hunstanton) * With Groynes (New) - 440, 465 and 472 * Without (Old) - 265, 273 and 262

Answer 7

* Mean width at New -459 * Mean Width at Old - 267

Answer 8

The beach at New Hunstanton is wider than Old Hunstanton because of the groynes. The groynes decrease wave energy, trap sediment and increase deposition, leading to the build-up of deposited material and the increase in the beach's width over time. In contrast, Old Hunstanton has no groynes, resulting in little deposition due to the LSD drift, and most sediment being transported along the coast, leading to no further sediment being added to the beach.

Answer 9

Groynes have impacted Longshore Drift (LSD) by trapping sediment carried by waves, which has led to a wider beach. Evidence from New Hunstanton shows a mean of 459 paces compared to the beach north of Old Hunstanton with a mean of 267 paces. The groynes have slowed down the waves and reduced energy, causing sediment to be trapped and deposited, resulting in a wider beach. Groynes have also affected LSD by trapping transported material, leading to a greater beach height on the north side of the groyne. This is because the groyne has slowed down the wave and increased deposition, which removes some sediment from the transportation process.

Answer 10

We only know the direction of LSD on that day and this may not be representative of LSD and prevailing wind This might mean the direction of LSD is not south to north and in fact the normal direction of LSD is north of south the complete opposite

Answer 11

The conclusions are reliable because it may be the normal direction of LSD but cannot be 100% without repeating data collection at different times

Answer 12

* We only measured the beach height at 3 groynes and there were many other groynes (over 30) that we didn't measure * These 3 groynes may not be representative of the other groynes at New Hunstanton and as such the data were collected may be inaccurate. If we were to measure other groynes it may show that the south side of groynes had a higher beach

Answer 13

The conclusion that Groynes have affected LSD by traping the transported material is only partly reliable because it is based upon a relatively small amount of data, which although is consistent, may not fully represent all the Groynes at New Hunstanton

Answer 14

* We measured the beach width at the groynes at a different time than when we measured the beach width at the beach with no groynes. This meant that the tide was out when we were at New Hunstanton whereas it was in at Old Hunstanton * As the tide had gone out when we measured the beach at New Hunstanton (groynes) it was not a fair comparison because less of the beach was covered by sea. Therefore the distance of 192 paces which is the difference between the average beach width for New (groynes) and the average width for Old may not be representative of the true difference because the tide had come in

Answer 15

The conclusion that groynes have reduced longshore drift based on the beach being wider on New Hunstanton than the beach Old Hunstanton might not be fully reliable as this could have been just as the tide was out and not because the groynes had caused more deposition and built up the beach, making it wider

Answer 16

We know from the specification that transport strategies can be used to reduce traffic congestion and improve an urban area's sustainability. less traffic, particularly less stationary traffic leads to reduced air pollution and an improved environment. A reduction in traffic congestion leads to more economic efficiency for commuters and the transport of goods. Transport strategies such as pedestrianisation lead to safer roads for pedestrians which has many socio-economic benefits

Answer 17

* Accessibility - only 50 minutes by coach * Has an identifiable, accessible city centre that is not too large * Low risk - low chance of accident/injury at this location * Cambridge has lots of examples of traffic management

Answer 18

* Safety briefing given by a member of staff * Roads crossed using pedestrian crossings only * Teacher pre-trip reconnaissance identified routes with crossings, avoiding busiest roads

Answer 19

* Fieldtrip booklet containing maps with key locations and photos of each site * Orientation briefing by a member of staff * Mapping software on phones used to save meeting point * Staff mobile phone number shared with all

Answer 20

* Briefing by member of staff on conduct around Cambridge * Group work, always in groups of 4 or more * Staff mobile phone number shared and staff patrolling city centre

Answer 21

* 1 person counts motorised vehicles travelling in both directions * 1 person counts bicycles travelling in both directions * For a time of 5 minutes * All types of motorised vehicles are counted * Stratified sampling across all 7 sites * Equipment - timer (phone/watch), pen/pencil, data recording table

Answer 22

We will measure this to find out how traffic changes across the 7 sites. The volume of traffic at each site will indicate the effectiveness of the traffic management schemes at reding traffic congestion across the city centre. From this, we can identify how sustainable the 7 sites are. We will assume from the bicycle counts that a higher number of bicycles indicates a more sustainable area

Answer 23

* Human error - it is easy to lose count when many cars pass at the same time in different directions * Traffic lights and pedestrian crossings cause traffic to stand still and reducing the number of cars passing each site

Answer 24

* Use a clicker counter to log traffic and make the count more accurate * Have 2 people count in either direction then take a toral, reducing the chance of human error * Extend the time from 5 to 10 minutes to allow for traffic lights and to create a more accurate representation of traffic numbers

Answer 25

Come to a pragmatic decision on the scoring of the following 4 factors: 1. Pedestrian Safety 1. Road/Pavement Quality 1. Traffic Noise Level 1. Smell * Score each factor from 5 to -5 with 5 being best and -6 being worst * Calculate a total for each site * Stratified sampling across all 7 sites * Equipment - data recording table, pen/pencil

Answer 26

We will measure this to compare the quality of the environment across Cambridge city centre. A higher score indicates higher sustainability, particularly if all 4 factors are scored highly. The categories relate to the social and environmental conditions across the city, both are important components of sustainability.

Answer 27

* Different group members have different opinions on the severity of factors e.g. road noise * It is difficult to judge factors such as pedestrian safety in such a short period of time

Answer 28

* Have the same person in the group make the judgements across all 7 sites * Hold a standardising session as a group, agreeing on the extremes of each factor * Use a decibel reading app for an accurate and comparable recording * Use secondary data such as Road Traffic Accident (RTA) reports and their proximity to each location to make a more accurate judgement of pedestrian safety

Answer 29

**Located proportional symbol map showing data for all 7 sites on one map** * Decide upon a scale for your data e.g. 1cm = 1 person (too large) * Draw a square to represent this in your key * Locate each square consistently - centre of square is always on the site * Draw 7, proportional squares onto your map * Shade in colour so they stand out

Answer 30

* We wanted to visually see how the number of vehicles varied in different areas of Cambridge City Centre * By locating these onto a map of Cambridge CC, we could easily see where the highest number of vehicles was and if this matched up with the areas with traffic management/ closer to CC. Also gave spatial information * We expected that there would be fewer vehicles the closer you went to the CC

Answer 31

The only slight negative was the scale we had to use because we had a wide range of data. Therefore, knowing the exact number of cars without measuring the line was a little difficult

Answer 32

**Radar Graphs (1 for each of the 7 sites)** 1. Mark your value/score for each category, on the relevant axis. 1. Join these points with a ruler 1. Lightly shade the area created (so you can still read the values)

Answer 33

* It enables us to visually identify which sites in Cambridge CC have the highest score (those that occupy the largest area). It also allows us to identify anomalous results - as they will be exaggerated on the graph * By using a series of radar graphs, we can compare the different categories and also different sites, enabling us to identify patterns and trends in sustainability. * We can then ee if the sites with the largest/highest scores correlate with areas of traffic management and if they do, we can support out hypothesis

Answer 34

* If only one-factor scores over -5 the graph is presented as a single line, making it hard to read as an area graph * Shading in the bars can cover the axis, making them difficult to read * A larger area shaded means a better environment, this could be interpreted incorrectly

Answer 35

* The highest traffic count was at site 1 with 98 vehicles * The lowest traffic count was at site 6 with 23 vehicles * The main pattern was that the closer to the city centre you were the more cars there were * There was an anomaly at site 6 with 23 vehicles with none of them being cars as there were no cars allowed so there were only bicycles

Answer 36

* The highest traffic count was at site 1 with 98 vehicles * The lowest traffic count was at site 6 with 23 vehicles * The main pattern was that the closer to the city centre you were the more cars there were * There was an anomaly at site 6 with 23 vehicles with none of them being cars as there were no cars allowed so there were only bicycles

Answer 37

Mean - 56 Median - 53

Answer 38

The reason that the highest traffic score of 98 vehicles at site 1 is because it was next to a main road and was on the outskirts of the city centre there are also no traffic management schemes. This helps us understand the overall pattern because there are higher traffic scores where there is less traffic management.

Answer 39

The highest sustainability survey score was at site 3 with a score of 17 The lowest sustainability survey score was at site 2 with a score of -6 The main pattern was where there was more traffic management there was a higher score such as at site 5 where there was a 5 for pedestrian safety due to there being no cars allowed there. There was an anomaly at site 7 as it was loud which lowered the score it was loud as it was next to a construction site

Answer 40

Mean - 6 Mode - 12 Median - 8

Answer 41

The reason that the highest sustainability survey score of 17 was at site 3 because it was pedestrian and cycle only and it had a cycle lane to keep pedestrians safe This helps us to understand the overall pattern because where there is more traffic management there is better sustainability. The anomaly may have occurred because at site 7 there was a construction site which made it louder and less sustainable.

Answer 42

The investigation found that traffic management contributes to the sustainability of Cambridge City Centre. This is supported by lower traffic counts and higher sustainability scores in the City Centre where there is more traffic management, compared to areas further away with less traffic management, which had higher traffic counts and lower sustainability scores. Site 6 - 23 vehicles and 12 sustainability score Site 2 - 6 sustainability score Site 1 - 98 vehicles

Answer 43

Easy to lose count when roads were busy If there were long sequence of traffic lights nearby - this could cause anomalous results - either increasing or decreasing (Site 1 - 98 vehicles) Traffic counts were at different times of day and therefore not comparable Road work - disrupting flow

Answer 44

My results are generally accurate and reliable. This is because I collected data in the same way at each point. However, we collected the data at different times of the day so the difference in result may not be 100% due to traffic management. There was also an anomaly caused by roadworks which reduces the accuracy of my results

Answer 45

My conclusion is mostly valid and reliable but I cannot be 100% certain about the role of traffic management. It could be that the lower counts were due to the time of day and therefore I can test my hypothesis but to be fully confident in my conclusion, I would need to repeat the traffic counts at the same times of day

Answer 46

* Use a clicker to keep count * Repeat traffic counts at the same time of day by having a group at each location - remove issue of being busier around rush hour

Answer 47

* Data is subjective - based on opinions * Hard to use 11 possible scores * No prior standardisation of scores - one area could be given -5 and the next area was worse therefore the scoring system is flawed

Answer 48

My results are partially accurate and reliable. This is because I collected my data the same way at each point. However, our results are subjective (based on opinions) so the difference in results may not be 100% due to traffic management. When measuring road noise this was done at difference times of day and therefore this could mean my results are less reliable

Answer 49

My conclusion is generally valid and reliable but I cannot be 100% certain about the role of traffic management. It could be that my subjective scoring was influenced by other factors than sustainability and therefore I can test my hypothesis but to be fully confident in my conclusion, I would need to have a standardised and objective scoring system

Answer 50

* Conduct a pilot study in the local area to work out the parameters of the scoring system * Use a decibel meter to pre-set noise ranges for each category * Reduce the scale of the score (-3 to 3) fewer options 0 easier to categorise

Fieldwork Flashcards

(74 cards)