Final

Question 1

what are the main goals of qualitative research?

Answer 1

seeing through the eyes of the studied, emphasis on process, flexibility and limited structure

Question 2

what is empathy in qualitative research?

Answer 2

seeing through the eyes of the people studied

Question 3

what is naturalism in qual. research?

Answer 3

Observing people in their own environment; An approach that helps the researcher gain an understanding of the social context

Question 4

what is “process” in qual. research?

Answer 4

showing how events and patterns unfold over time

Question 5

how can “process” be achieved?

Answer 5

time in the field, semi-structures interviewing, unstructured interviewing, and life history approach

Question 6

questions in qualitative research should be quite ________

Answer 6

general

Question 7

what are the advantages of limited structure?

Answer 7

topics explored may change as the study progresses and allows the researcher to find new directions of study

Question 8

what questions does qual. research answer?

Answer 8

what, how, and why

Question 9

what are the elements of a research question in qual. research?

Answer 9

1. how or what?
2. describe participants
3. discover, identify, describe, explore, or generate
4. name central phenomenon

Question 10

what are the 5 approaches to qual. research?

Answer 10

1. ethnography
2. phenomenology
3. grounded theory
4. case study
5. narrative inquiry

Question 11

what is ethnography?

Answer 11

a study of people and their culture in naturally occurring settings; Behaviour is observed in an unstructured way by carrying out in-depth discussions and interviews with the people studied

Question 12

what is phenomenology?

Answer 12

explores the essential nature of a lived experience; aims to gain insider perspective of the phenomenon of study, subjective experiences and interpretations

Question 13

what is grounded theory?

Answer 13

applies systematic and explicit data analysis techniques to textual information; e.g. what was central to the process? what caused the phenomenon to occur? then develops a theory of the process, action, interaction shaped by the views of participants

Question 14

what is a case study?

Answer 14

collection and presentation of information on a particular person, group, organization or event; focus is upon depth and meaning in context

Question 15

what is narrative inquiry?

Answer 15

experiences as expressed in lived and told stories and then relates them with temporal and spatial orientation; asks: what did people make of what happened?

Question 16

what is the etic approach?

Answer 16

outside approach. deductive, top-down, start from the theory and then see if it applies to that population

Question 17

what is the emic approach?

Answer 17

lets participants speak for themselves, insider, inductive, bottom-up, looking at emerging theories that come up

Question 18

why does dill compare participant observation to double dutch skipping?

Answer 18

learning the ropes- positionality
planning both feet: conceptual frameworks
keeping time and rhythm: complicated, contextual and improvisational

Question 19

what is participant observation?

Answer 19

synonymous with ethnography but a less inclusive term, ethnography includes participant observation but also other methods

Question 20

what are the two types of field setting?

Answer 20

open/public settings and closed settings

Question 21

what is overt ethnography?

Answer 21

The people being studied know they are being observed by a researcher

Question 22

what is covert ethnography?

Answer 22

The people being studied do not know they are being observed by a researcher

Question 23

what is a gatekeeper?

Answer 23

someone who knows key participants and controls access to the setting, introduces the researcher to the field

Question 24

what is a sponsor?

Answer 24

someone in the organization who can vouch for you

Question 25

what is a key informant?

Answer 25

participants who are particularly knowledgeable and cooperative

Question 26

what is complete participation?

Answer 26

the researchers adopts a secret role in the group

Question 27

what is participant-as-observer?

Answer 27

researcher adopts a role in the group and participants are aware who the researcher really is

Question 28

what is observer-as-participant?

Answer 28

researcher observes and interviews from the edge of the group

Question 29

what is a complete observer?

Answer 29

researcher does not engage the participants at all

Question 30

what are field notes?

Answer 30

detailed notes of events, conversations, and behaviour, and the researcher’s initial reflection on them-- key source of data in ethnography

Question 31

what is a mental note?

Answer 31

remember and write it down later

Question 32

what is a jotted note?

Answer 32

scratch or rough notes, brief notes made at the time

Question 33

what is a full field notes

Answer 33

detailed notes of what was seen, heard, and reflection on situations

Question 34

what are analytic memos?

Answer 34

link observations to concepts, theories that may apply

Question 35

what is purposive sampling?

Answer 35

involves searching for people who are likely to be a rich source of information on the group or setting under study

Question 36

what is snowball sampling?

Answer 36

a viable contact is used to identify others who may be willing to provide information on the topic of the study, who are then used to establish further contacts

Question 37

what is theoretical sampling?

Answer 37

used in order to discover categories and their properties and to suggest the interrelationships into a theory

Question 38

what are the two main types of qualitative interview?

Answer 38

unstructured and semi-structured

Question 39

what are introducing questions?

Answer 39

"please tell me about when your interest in X first began"

Question 40

what are follow-up questions?

Answer 40

rephrase the interviewee’s answer and ask them to elaborate on the answer, "what did you mean by...."

Question 41

what are probing questions?

Answer 41

invites them to reflect more deeply

Question 42

what are specifying questions?

Answer 42

factual. "what did you do then?"

Question 43

what are direct questions?

Answer 43

interviewee perceptions, "do you find it difficult to...."

Question 44

what are indirect questions?

Answer 44

perception of others, "how do you feel about...."

Question 45

what are structuring questions?

Answer 45

"now I would like to move on to a different topic"

Question 46

what is the role of silence in an interview?

Answer 46

gives the interviewee an opportunity to reflect and amplify the answer

Question 47

what are interpreting questions?

Answer 47

“Do you mean that your leadership role had to change from one of encouraging others to a more directive one?”

Question 48

what is analytic induction?

Answer 48

a general research question is devised, some data are gathered, and a hypothesis is proposed, the researcher continues to gather data until no contradictory cases are found

Question 49

what are the features of grounded theory?

Answer 49

coding, constant comparison, theoretical saturation

Question 50

what is open coding?

Answer 50

identifies initial concepts that will be categorized together later

Question 51

what is axial coding?

Answer 51

data are reviewed for linkages and re-organized according to those connections, new codes may be developed

Question 52

what is selective coding?

Answer 52

selecting the main categories

Question 53

what is basic coding?

Answer 53

getting the simplest labels, such as negative and positive

Question 54

what is narrative analysis?

Answer 54

researching the stories people tell to understand their life and world

Question 55

what is theoretical saturation?

Answer 55

researchers reach a point in their analysis of data that sampling more data will not lead to more information related to their research questions.

Question 56

what is the process of selecting a research question?

Answer 56

start with research area, then narrow down to a select aspect of the research area, then create possible research questions, then select research questions

Question 57

what is the structure of a research report?

Answer 57

1. title page 2. acknowledgements 3. table of contents 4. abstract 5. introduction 6. literature review 7. research methods 8. results 9. discussion 10. conclusion 11. appendices 12. references