1
Q
What do the phyla in the superphylum Cycloneuralia have in common?
A
They all have a ring of nerve tissue around the esophogus
2
Q
Identify the 3 disadvantages of the Arthopod skeleton.
A
- molting of the skeleton (ecdysis)
- energetic cost
- vulnerable during “soft” phase
- period of inactivity after molt
3
Q
Identify the functions of the arthropod exoskelton
FOUR
A
- skeletal support
- protective shield
- enchanced motility
- water tight barrier when coated with wax
4
Q
What are the function of pharyngeal slits in the Chordata
A
Openings in the pharynx to allow for exchange of water
5
Q
What evolutionary changes distinguish the Cephalaspidomorphi from the Myxini?
A
The Myxini do not have vetebrae.
The Myxini are the only are only lineage to have to have all 5 distinctive traits.
6
Q
MAJOR INNOVATION : COELOM
4 main functions
A
fluid filled cavity lined by an internal membrane derived from the mesoderm. FUNCTIONS:
- hydrostatic skelton
- circulation
- organ attachment by mesentries
- protective space for internal organs.
7
Q
MAJOR INNOVATION : ARTHROPOD SKELETON
three
A
- it is a cuticle
- has a complex composition, proteins, chitin, often contains calcium, sometimes coated with wax.
- is articulated ( jointed)
8
Q
Explain how a pseudocoelom is anatomically different from a coelom.
A
The pseudocoelom has no connecting mesoderm.
9
Q
Explain how a pseudocoelom is functionally different from a coelom.
A
The pseudocoelom has all the same functions as the coelom except for the organ attachment by mesentaries.
10
Q
What is the body symmetry of the Echinodermata. Explain why the phylum is placed in the Bilateria.
A
The larval stage of the echinoderms is bliateral though the adults have radial symmetry
11
Q
How did jaws evolve in the Vertebrata.
A
After the Class Cephalospidomorphi.
Larger skeletal rods from further back eventually fused to the cranium.
12
Q
Viviparity
A
Live birth - three membranes became the layers of the placenta
13
Q
How did animals colonize land ( constraints )
FOUR
A
- dessication ( drying out )
- less support for the body mass
- temperture, highly variable
- UV radiation
14
Q
Advantages of terrestrial habitats.
FOUR
A
- colonized by plants
- no predators
- no competition
- air contains 20x more o2 per volume than water.
15
Q
4 trends in the evolution of the vetebrate body plans
A
- increased complexity, and increased protection of the nervous system.
- enhanced efficiency of locomotion and gas exchange
- increased feeding efficiency
- transition to life in air
16
Q
What are the functions of the vertebrae?
THREE
A
- notochord ( skeletal support, point of attachment, flexibility for lateral movements.
- withstand much greater compression forces
- protection of the dorsal hollow nerve cord
17
Q
The vermiform body design
TWO
A
- convergent evolution
1. very simple to design to grow and maintain.
2. very effecient for moving between objects, especially tight spaces.
18
Q
Trilobitomorpha - what are they apart of
A
Arachnata, all marine ocean floors, 3 lobes in their body, extinct.
19
Q
Mandibulata
A
- have antennae and mandibles
- includes the subphylya crustacea and tracheata.
20
Q
Advantages of flight
FOUR
A
- increased ability to evade predators and find shelter
- greater access to food
- greater ability to find mates for reproduction
- ability to disperse more rapidly into new habitats.
21
Q
Disadvantages of wings
FIVE
A
- energy to grow and operate
- weight ( moderate )
- increases visibility to predators
- fragile
- awkward when not flying
22
Q
Class Entognatha
A
- have the spring tail
- mandibles and maxilla in the depression of the cephalon.
- of the superclass hexapoda?
23
Q
Limitation of the trachea?
A
If the trachea get too long, the air within can no longer get expelled to be replaced with fresh air, limiting body size.
24
Q
Advantage of the trachea.
A
Trachea bring O2 directily to cells, and take co2 providing for very fast gas exchange.
25
What are the synapomorphies of the Subphylum Tracheata?
trachea for gas exchage,
| tagmata - most common is cephalon thorax abdomen.
26
What is the only group with 2 pairs on antennae?
Subphlya Crustacea
27
Explain Parthogenesis.
female that produces oocytes, those eggs can reproduce without fertilization. ( mitosis eggs cannot be fertilized).
28
Lophophore
set of ciliated tentacles in the shape of a horseshoe surrounding the mouth
29
Direrious
in terms of reproduction, you have two seperate sexes.
30
Tagmatization
morphological alteration of groups of segments for the purpose of accomplishing specialized tasks
31
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a closed circulatory system?
d: more costly to produce
a: rapid blood flow throughout the body necassary for active animals.
32
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the open circulatory system?
a: low cost to produce
d: slow blood flow through the body sufficient for animals that are not that large
33
What is the ecology and feeding of the Phylum Nemertea?
aquatic mostly, 98% marine
| predators, using probiscis. feed on small inveterbrates like annelid worms and crustaceans.
34
Body plan features of the phylum nemertea.
Probiscis, do not have sensory mechanisms, ribbon shape, some have closed circulatory system,
35
Rhynchocoel
Probiscis in the phylum nemertea. part of the body that extends outwards for feeding, is not part of the mouth.
36
What body structures do the coelom allow to function independently?
organs of the digestive system
coelomic organs, gonads, heart*, digestive glands
structure of the body wall ( skeletal muscles )
37
Essential features of the gills
| FOUR
- consist of live tissue with a moist surface
- morphology that provides large surgace area ( threadlike )
- vascularized
- almost always positioned in a protective place
38
three synapomorphies of the phylum mollusca
1. visceral mass
2. mantle
3. muscular foot
39
osphradium
patch of nerve cells, sensory organ in the mantle cavity
40
Advantages of CACO3 shell
| THREE
- protection
- supports the body ( skeleton )
- points of attachment for muscle and tissue
41
Disadvantages of the CACO3 shell
| THREE
- cost of energy to produce the shell
- inflexible, limited movement
- weight needs to be carried, slows down
42
Where did segmentation evolve in the metazoa ?
- monoplacophora class
- phylum annelida
- pnarthropoda ( super phylum)
- Metameria
43
Septa
partition membrane that seperates the coelom, connects with the body wall
44
What organs and structures arise from mesoderm
| FOUR
- metanephridia
- circulatory system
- septa
- circular muscles of the body wall
can be segmented
45
Organs and structures that arise from the ectoderm
| TWO
- lateral appendages
- nervous system
can be segemented
46
organs and structures that arise from the endodermal
origin.
TWO
- digestive system
- digestive glands
can never be segmented
47
Advantages of segmentation
| THREE
1. allowed independence of body movements through localized control of muscles (compartmentalization)
2. more powerful movements
3. redundancy or organs and functions
48
Disadvantages of segmentation
efficiency, multiple small organs are not more efficient than one set of large ones, due to compartmentalization.
49
The two morphological criteria for annelid classification.
1. presence or absence of a clitellum
| 2. types of appendage they have
50
Clitellum
enlarged structure of the body wall, secretes mucous, egg cocoon, and albumin
51
What are the wastes ?
CO2
Nitrogenous waste ( ammonia, urea, uric acid)
Phosphates
Sulfates
52
Disadvantages of torsion
dropping feces on the head
53
possible advantages of torsion
| FOUR
- easier to sense and position body towards current to oxygenate, better control of gill oxygenation
- better protection, head can be pulled into shell
- repositioned weight of the shell, better center of gravity
- better sensing for osphradium
54
Class Gastropoda
Spiral shell, planispiral, conispiral,
torsion *
- only lineage in mollusca that developed ability to live in terrestial habitats.
55
Class Monoplacophora
repetition of paired organs **
| Mollusc
56
Class Polyplacophora
shell divided into 8 overlapping plates ***
can roll up, paired muscles, pairs of nephridium
- chitons
57
Class Aplacophora
worm like body ***
| calcareous spicules embedded in the mantle **
58
Class Bivalvia
shelled composed of two valves **
foot modified to tapered point **
enlarged gills **
no radula **
59
Class Scaphopoda
* * tube like, conical shell
| * * captacula
60
Class Cephalopoda
***foot modified into a circle of tentacles and arms around the mouth.
- dorso ventral elongation of the body
- shell is most often reduced
squid, cuttlefish, octopods
- predators - advanced nervous system, eyes
61
How do animals take a blood meal ?
Class Hirudenea, secrete hirudin into the body which interferes with the preys coaggulation process.
62
Cryptobiosis. Who can do this ?
metabolic rate drops in the dormant state, egg.
adult - loses most of its water to become dormant.
phylum rotifera can do this.
63
Phylum Rotifera
* * corona
* ** mastax, trophi.
aquatic, marine and freshwater.
predators ( zoo plankton, or other rotifers )
filter feeders ( bacteria, phytoplankton )
64
Superphylum Cycloneuralia
- ring of nerve tissue around the esophogus
- 5/6 have a vermiform body
- include the nematoda
65
What does the hemocoel lack that the coelom functions for?
The hemocoel has no organ attachment by mesentaries.
66
Class Myxini
- vermiform, no vertebrae
- secrete gross thick slime jelly
- only lineage of all vertebrates with all 5 distinctive traits
67
5 distinctive traits Phylum Chordata
- postanal tail
- pharyngeal slits
- dorsal, hollow nerve cord,
- notochord
- endostyle
68
Subphylum Cehphalochordata
- all 5 distinctive traits present through life
- segementation - muscles, blood vessels, nervous system ****
all marine, benthic - filter feeders
69
Subphylum Tunicata
2 openings ( buccal and atrial )
chamber is the pharynx
pharyngeal slits and endostyle present always
has the tunic **
filter feers, all marine, mostly sessile, benthic.
70
Tunic
tough external layer protecting the body of the urochordata, subphlum tunicates.
71
Phylum Nematoda
- vermiform body
- ends of body are tapered
- thick proteinaceous cuticle
- only longitudinal muscles in the body wall
- diaecious but can be sexual or parthogenic
- hemocoel
72
Class Hirudinea
leeches, predators and parasites
- front and back evolved suckers
- feed on other invertebrates, worms, insects, crustaceans
- take a blood meal
- can be used on human tissues
73
Class Oligochaeta
evolved to burrow in the soil
74
Phylum Nematoda Ecology and Feeding
aquatic, free living in soils and sediments - interstiticial microhabitats.
parasitic. eat nearly every source of organic matter.
75
Wuchereria baricroffti
Phylum Nematoda
- microscopic larvae gets picked up by mosquito, placed into new human.
- normal host is humans
- elephantitis
76
Trichinella spiralis
phylum nematoda
- mode of transmission is muscle tissue eaten with encysted larvae.
- normal host is pigs and bears, adults live in the digestive system
77
Ascaris suum, Ascaris lumbricoides
largest nematodes
- eggs passed through feces then digested
- normal host is pigs
(larvae go through the circulatory system for nutrients before being swallowed again to settle into digestive system)
78
Toxocara
phylum nematoda
- feces ingested, or picked up by alternate animal
- cats and dogs normal host.
79
Subphylum Cheliceratae
spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
- cephalothorax and abdomen
- no antennae
- 1st pair chelicerae, 2nd pair pedipalps, 3rd walking legs
- horseshoe crabs play important role in ensuring vaccine safety. (endotoxin - bad)
80
Subphylum Crustacea
crabs
- cephalothorax and abdomen
- appendages
- 1 and 2 antennae, 3 - mandibles, 4 and 5 maxillae
- exoskeleton is often calcified (caco3)
81
Subphylum Trachaetae
examples
- cephalon thorax and cephalon thorax abdomen
- 1st antennae, 2nd mandibles, 3rd maxilla
82
How did wings evolve?
Exaptation
- initial flaps for thermoregulation.
- became larger, parachute like, used for gliding, falling on feet.
- muscle structure began to increase creating the beating motion.
- position changed over time
- new joints and muscles allowed the wings to fold
83
Metamorphosis advantages
| THREE
- can take advantage of the different environments
- larval stage don't compete with the adults
- reduces competition of resources
- catterpillar, butterfly, mosquito bee (larva)
84
Metamorphosis disadvantages
| TWO
slows down development because of the transition stage
| increases vulnerability
85
Phylum Echinodermata
seastars
- dueterostome development
- water vascular system
- endoskeleton of caco3 ossicles
- larva - bilateral, adult - radial
86
Advantages of water vascular system
| FIVE
- locomotion
- gas exchange
- excretion
- feeding
- sensory input
87
Disadvantages of water vascular system
hydrolytic system makes them slower, limits species to aquatic habitats as they need LOTS of water
88
Ecdysis
molting - loss of outer cuticle
89
Subphylum Vertebratae
| THREE
- 5 traits present in embryonic development
- segmentation, muscles, blood vessels, nervous system
- cranium
found in all terrestrial and aquatic habitiats, all types fo feeding
90
Class cephalaspidomorphi
- cartilageous structure
- no jaws
- parasites
91
Class Condrichthyes
sharks
bony skeleton, calcified Ca3(PO4)2
- swim bladder.
92
Class Osteichethyes
93
4 events of the colonization of terrestrial habitats.
1. four limbs - class amphibia
2. amniotic egg - class reptila
3. homethermy - class aves
4. viviparity - class mammalia
94
functions of the swim bladder
evolved as an extension of the digestive system, used for neutral buoyancy
95
Two functions of the jaws
1. ability to chew food
| 2. increase ability to catch food
96
Functions of the paired lateral appendages
enchanced control of direction of movement
97
Explain how animals colonized land.
fish in lower water levels began to take in more air. appendages evolved for support, then eventually for locomotion. Gave rise to class amphibia. connection of the bones to support other bones, four appendages!
98
3 characteristics of homeothermy
- only birds and mammals
- homogenous temperature
- produces internal heat
99
two characteristics on the amniotic egg
1. has a large amount of energy reserves
| 2. three membranes
100
Explain the three membranes of the amniotic egg
amnion - holds in water
chorion - promotes gas exchange
allantois - stores waste produced by the embryo
101
Class Amphibia
four appendages
| - still need water for reproduction, larval stage/ eggs must be in water
102
Superclass Myriapoda
has class chilopoda and diplopoda, centipedes and millipedes
103
Body plan features for Phylum Arthropoda
| THREE
- exoskeleton ( jointed appendages )
- segemented with paired lateral appendages
- tagmosis
all 3 body designs
104
Phylum Annelida
- vermiform
- segmented
- cuticle
- large coelom, hydrostatic skeleton
Classes polychaeta, oligochaeta, and hirudinea
105
meta--
something that follows many components, series
106
--merism
partioning
107
Phylum Mollusca
```
with a reduced coelom,
1. cavity surrounding the heart
2. cavity surrounding the gonads
3. mesentaries for structural support
- respiratory system
- circulatory system
some have lungs
```
