1
Q
what is the perspective of viruses?
A
- there is no agreement on where they came from
- they are the most abundant microbes
2
Q
what are the characteristics of a viruses life?
A
- cells are constructed of the same kind of atoms and molecules according to the same laws of energy
- all life forms contain molecules of life
- DNA encodes information
- life evolves
3
Q
what are the properties of viruses?
A
- dont independently fulfill the characteristics of life
- DNA or RNA
- lack enzyme-lack machinery
4
Q
what characteristics determine the type of virus?
A
- size
- shape
- genome
- other structures
5
Q
size of viruses
A
-ultramicroscopic
6
Q
what two types of structures can viruses have?
A
enveloped and naked
7
Q
what is the shape of viruses?
A
they all have capsids
8
Q
what are the two structural capsid types?
A
helical and icosahedral
9
Q
helical cpasids
A
continous helical shape
10
Q
icosahedral capsids
A
20 sides and 12 even spaces
11
Q
atypical virus
A
deviation of the structure, most bacteriophages
12
Q
enveloped structures
A
have spikes that attach to capuls
13
Q
viral genome
A
- either DNA or RNA, never both
- carries information to change cell
14
Q
DNA
A
double or single stranded
15
Q
RNA
A
double or single stranded, and segmented
16
Q
positive snese RNA
A
the genome is ready for translation
17
Q
negative sense RNA
A
must be covered to be ready
18
Q
polymerases
A
synthesize DNA or RNA
19
Q
replicases
A
copy RNA
20
Q
reverse transcriptase
A
synthesis of DNA from RNA
21
Q
viron
A
complete infectious particle
22
Q
what are the virus classifications?
A
- nucleic acid type
- presence or absence of envelope
- capsid symmetry
- dimensions of virion and capsid
23
Q
family
A
basic biology
24
Q
disease name
A
important most common way of identifying a virus
25
adsorption
attachment
26
penetration
entry into host
27
synthesis
interfering the host to copy and make proteins
28
assembly/ maturation
changes the host cell to be like the virus
29
release
releases the cells into the body
30
viral specificity
how well it can attach
31
outcomes of viral infection
either stoping the symptoms to make worse or leaving the body
32
cytopathic effects
cell damage
33
viral infections in animals
harder to detect
34
medical importance
- common cause of infections
| - death
35
parvoviruses
- rash
| - 5ths disease
36
Papilloma
- warts
- HPV
- from direct contact
37
what are warts described by?
location
38
genital warts
- most common STD
- HPV 16 and 18
- can lead to cancer
- vaccine
39
Adenovirus
- causes colds
| - conjunctivitis in eye
40
Poxviruses
- largest and complex
- largest genome
- scarring
41
smallpox
- first and only disease to be gone by vaccination
- from skin contacts or inhillation
- young in africa
42
vaccination of smallpox
- routine
| - live vaccine
43
molluscipoxivirus
- wax warts
- pacific islands in kids
- direct contact
- commonly an STD
- treatment: freezing
44
Herpes
-always shows latency
not dangerous unless immunocompormised
-large envelope
45
HSV1
cold sores in mouth
46
HSV2
genital blisters, teens
47
epidemiology of herpes 1 and 2
- direct exposure
- multiplies in neurons
- various stimuli
48
type 1 herpes
labialis- fever, coldsore, common
| keratitis- eyes
49
type 2 herpes
genital herpes- flu like symptoms, latency
50
herpetic whitlow
1 or 2, on skin and fingers
51
encephalitis
life threatening
52
diagnosis of herpes
symptoms and cell testing
53
treatment of herpes
- acyclovir
- famciclovir
- valacyclovir
54
VZV
- herpes 3
| - chicken pox and shingles
55
treatment of VZV
vaccine, soon eradicated
56
EBV
- b cells
| - mono
57
complications of EBV
- burkitt lymphoma, jaw swelling
| - naso
58
diagnosis of EBV
blood count
59
treatment of EBV
symptom relief
60
CMV
- giant cells
| - latency
61
CMV infections
- newborns: liver and spleen problems
- transplant patient
- aids patient
62
Herpes 6 and 7
roseola
63
herpes 8
tumors in aids patient
64
where is hepatitis B found?
only DNA virus
65
A and E hep.
fecal-oral (ends)
66
B, C, and D hep.
blood and fluids
67
Hepatitis B
chronic in liver and can lead to liver cancer
| -can be founds in IV drug users
68
diagnosis of hep. B
risk factors and blood transfusion
69
prevention of Hep. B
vaccine
70
Reoviruses
- double stranded RNA
| - upper respiratory
71
RotaVirus
- oral fecal
| - #1 cause of diarrhea
72
Caliciviruses
- gastroenteritis
- fecal oral
- stomach problems
- mainly from cruise ship
73
picornaviruses
- small
| - 3 areas
74
enteroviruses
- picovirus
- fecal oral
- poor water and hygine
75
poliomyelitis (polio)
-acute infection of spine
76
poliovirus
- resistant to acid and bile
| - trying to eradicate rn
77
polio- spectrum or outcomes
- fecal oral
- short term
- mild symptoms
- can go to spine and brain
- 90% asymptomatic
78
paralytic disease
-paralysis of muscle
79
treatment and prevention of polio
- meds for pain and suffering
| - vaccination
80
Coxsackieviruses A
hand-foot-mouth disease
81
hepatitis A Virus
- non polio
- oral fecal
- acute infection
- flu like symptoms
82
treatment of Hepatitis A
no specific treatment
83
prevention of hepatitis A
vaccine
84
Rhinovirus
- #1 colds
- many strains
- acidic and temp. specific
85
dengue fever
- from mosquito
| - brought into us
86
arboviruses
- toga virus
- from mosquito
- causes rubella
87
Rubella
- respiratory contact
| - vaccine
88
congenital rubella
- 1st trimester
| - miscarriage or defects
89
West Nile Virus
- flavivirus
- mosquito infects birds
- no symptoms
90
zika virus
-dangue virus symptoms
91
Hepatitis C
- flavivirus
- blood contact
- chronic liver disease and cancer
- no vaccine
92
coronaviruses
- spikes on virus
| - #2 colds
93
SARS and MERS
- airborne of corona
- gets worse the longer it is in body
- no vaccine
- led to covid-19
94
retroviruses
- RNA to DNA is reverse transcriptase
95
HIV
- weight loss and loss of immune function
| - causes AIDS
96
characteristics of retroviruses
- t cells
| - infect host cells with CD4
97
epidemiology of HIV
- sex, blood, bladder and drug use
- babies who breastfeed
- men usually get it
- 35 million cases
98
stages of HIV and AIDS
1. the level of viruses
| 2. the level of t cells in blood
99
diagnosis of HIV
- detection of antibodies
| - false neg can occur
100
prevention and treatment of HIV and AIDS
- no vaccine
- safe sex
- therapies to slow down symptoms
- medications
- manageable in US
101
rabies
- bullet shaped
- from wild animal bite
- affects nerve endings into brain
102
clinical phases of rabies
- prodromal: small symptoms
- furious: agitation, disorientation
- dumb: paralyzed
- coma phase: death
103
diagnosis of rabies
-autopsy
104
treatment of rabies
-vaccine
105
Filovirus
ebola
| came to the us
106
paramyxoviruses
- infects respiratory in children
| - f protein: membranes fuse to get in cells but cause one giant cell
107
parainfluenza
- croup
- respiratory in children
- coughing
- cold air treatment
108
MMR vaccine
mumps and measels
109
measles
- red measles= rubeola
| - very contagious
110
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
-viral pneumonia in children
111
Orthomyxoviruses
influenza
| 3 strains
112
influenza A
- most virulent
- morbidly and mortality
- patients get other infections
113
influenza spikes
H and N
| -mutates
114
influenza antigenic drift
different antibodies dont work as well
115
influenza antigenic shift
- influenza from different sources combine to make a big new virus that no one is resistant to
- very dangerous
microbiology final
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