Final

Question 1

Main parts of social cohesion

Answer 1

1. Trust and in particular social (i.e., ‘generalized’) trust
2. Trust and confidence in state and social institutions
3. Acceptance/respect/tolerance/openness with regard to diversity
4. Common identification

Question 2

Security Dilemma

Answer 2

• Weak federal government
• Vacuum of power
• The advantage of striking first
• Increase the insecurity of others

Question 3

Study of social cohesion

Answer 3

The study of social cohesion entails understanding the factors that contribute to the togetherness of society as a whole.
–> The UNDP has recognized the importance of social cohesion for peace-building and sustainable development.

Question 4

Buraj on why economic rivalry not sufficient for yugoslavia

Answer 4

It does not explain why people engage politically as doing so is irrational. Pursuit of individual self-interest does not explain torture, murder, or risking one’s own life in battle.

Question 5

Spiral of insecurity

Answer 5

1. Anarchy was not the cause of the run-up to war, but the result of the run-up to war.
2. Security dilemmas did not arise between Croatia and Slovenia despite some border disputes; neither did Macedonia feel compelled to arm itself against Serbia in spite of historical rivalry.

Question 6

Symbolic politics and Yugoslavia

Answer 6

• -> hostile myths
• -> Ethnic symbols= tool for elites to use in mobilizing ethnic groups.
• ->Ethnic symbols only work when there is some real or perceived conflict of interest at work and mythically based feelings of hostility

These hostile myths and extreme goals, not the mere fact of anarchy, created the fears that set off a security dilemma and motivated the drive to war.

Question 7

Ethnic symbols and motivation

Answer 7

–> All elements needed to make mobilization happen: –>need perceived conflicts of interest for reason to mobilize. –>Need emotional commitment based on hostile feelings,

–> need leadership to organize.

Question 8

Myth-symbol complex

Answer 8

Core of ethnic identity= combo of myths, memories, values, and symbols that defines not only who is a member of the group but what it means to be a member

Question 9

Key conditions for symbolist

Answer 9

Myths justifying ethnic hostility
Ethnic fears
Opportunity to mobilize and fight

Question 10

Buraj explains fall of Yugoslavia

Answer 10

• -> elite-led violence (but not only)
• ->Government extreme nationalism
• ->Aided by a Chauvinist nationalist mythology
• ->Symbol manipulation
• ->Backlash brought to power defensive nationalist in other republics
• –>Manipulation of symbol of Kosovo lead to manipulation of others symbols
• ->Resentment amplified by economic downturn

Question 11

symbolic synthesis

Answer 11

People make political choices based on emotion and in response to symbols

Question 12

Risk of intervention

Answer 12

• Responsibility to protect
• Norm in 90s to intervene
• Encourages rebel groups of vulnerable populations
• Sometimes it may help to achieve the goal
• Provokes retaliation from state
• Creates a situation of moral hazard: situation in which there is no guarantee for insurance

Question 13

Moral hazard of humanitarian intervention

Answer 13

• -> “Responsibility to protect”
• -> Sub-state actors rebel because expect relation, enabling success
• -> state retaliates with genocidal violence before intervention
• -> intervention helps some rebels succeed and encourages new ones

Question 14

Groups vulnerable to genocidal retaliation

Answer 14

1. Do not perceive credible threat by state to retaliate
2. expect victimization anyway, nothing to lose
3. Expect victory at tolerable cost w/out intervention
4. Expect intervention to enable victory at tolerable cost
5. Do not behave as unitary rational actors

Question 15

Players in military intervention

Answer 15

a) state, b) sub state, and c) interveners

Question 16

Transitional justice

Answer 16

how societies respond to the legacies of massive and serious human rights violations.

about victims:
Criminal justice  (domestic and international)
Reparations (material and symbolic) 
Truth and memory 
Institutional reform 
Gender Justice 
Youth engagement (breaking inter-generational cycles of abuse and impunity)
Prevention (address exclusion)
Peace process

Question 17

Conformity

Answer 17

Between peers

Question 18

Obedience

Answer 18

Hierarchy, orders from above

Question 19

Asch expirement responses

Answer 19

Shows conformity: 1/2 conform, 1/2 do not:

1. Distortion of perception
2. Distortion of judgements
3. Distortion of action–> others confident, fall in line

Question 20

Normative influence

Answer 20

• Avoidance of disapproval.
• You know it is wrong.
• Change your behavior because you want to fit in.

Question 21

General conformity strongest when

Answer 21

 Time spend in the group
 Less Exposure to other groups
 Social integration of the group
 Perceived competence of Other(s)-> Milgram/Obedience
 Perceived group status of Other(s)-> Milgram/Obedience

Question 22

Important lessons from Milgram

Answer 22

1. Distance to “victim” matters
    **LESS LIKELY TO OBEY closer
2. (Distance to) Authority matters
3. Behavior of others matters
4. Evil (and good) is in the social situation not in the individual

Question 23

Milgram and Browning

Answer 23

1. 1st Massacre: Józefów
   - –> closer –> manually killing victims–> disobedience higher
   - -> Major Trapp: not present, crying, option to opt out
2. 2nd Massacre: Łomazy
   - -> More distance–> lower disobedience –> war conditions–> Gnade= anti-semite

• -> Group conformity not established early on
• -> role of Hiwis

Question 24

Difference in wartime with Milgram

Answer 24

People get used to killing

Question 25

Social Identity Theory-Main principles

Answer 25

1. People have natural tendency to categorize when they see contrast 2. Contrast is necessary for you to see and feel categories. 3. Groups that you belong to only exist when there is an out-group that you do not belong to.

Question 26

SIT: Identification

Answer 26

a. With those who are similar b. Against those who are different c. Activated by inequality, competition or threats.

Question 27

SIT: Reciprocal reinforcement

Answer 27

 We start seeing ourselves as more similar to ingroup and more different as outgroup  Even if groups are not that different

Question 28

SIT: Consequences

Answer 28

 Outgroup animosity |  Ingroup favoritism

Question 29

Robbers Cave Experiment

Answer 29

Summer camp, all white boys Stage 1: Isolation--> Boys are divided into 2 groups---> Rattlers v. Eagles -->Cooperative tasks. • Encouraged to identify as a group ``` Stage 2: Competition created • Pocket knives, trophies and medals • Researchers arranged an eagles win • Perceived as treated unfairly --> Dinner--> flag burning, name calling ``` Stage 3: Integration - -> would not work together - -> needed "vandals" messing with water supply to join together * *COOPERATION AND EXTERNAL ENEMY

Question 30

Takeaways of Robbers Cave

Answer 30

1. social identity formation and intergroup conflict. - -->Shows how easily people come to identify with groups 2. People have a natural tendency to categorize when they see contrast 3. Regardless of how small this contrast is.

Question 31

SIT Formation spiral

Answer 31

1. Identify, in group out group, stronger when in danger or group threat We identify with those who are similar to us 2. We start seeing our ingroup as more similar. outgroup as more dissimilar to us, outgroup animosity. and Ingroup favoritism. 3. Animosity strengthens group identity, can be exploited by political elites to increase power/group integration.