Vicarious Strain
real life strains experienced by others around the individual
Anticipated Strain
individuals expectation that current strains will continue into the future or new strains will be experienced
4 Types of Child Maltreatment
Physical and Sexual abuse, neglect, medical neglect
Abuse and Neglect
inattention to the basic needs of a child, including inappropriate supervision, adequate clothing or proper nutrition
3 Components of Child Abuse Laws
- criminal definitions and penalties
- a mandate to report suspected cases
- a civil process for removing the child from the abusive or neglectful environment
Connection between child abuse and delinquincy
- Being abused or neglected as a child increases the likelihood of arrest as a juvenile by 59%
- Maltreated children were younger at their first arrest and committed twice as many offenses and arrested more frequently
- physically abused children are more likely to commit a violent crime
connection between female offenders and victimization
girls are maltreated more frequently than boys and victimized people are more likely to perpetrate violence
- women are more likely to enter the system because of relationships
Youth Suicide Cases
- exploitation by predatory adults
- involvement in criminal activity
- drug abuse
- unsafe sex
- health problems
MOST COMMON: untreated depression
risk factor
personal traits, characteristics of the environment, or conditions in the family, school, or community that are linked to youth’s likelihood of engaging in delinquency and other problem behaviors
Static Risk Factor
Something you can’t change (criminal record)
Dynamic Risk Factor
something that can be changed (substance use)
Gangs and Characteristics
- 3 or more members
- ages 12-24
- name/sense of identity generally indicated by symbols such as style of clothing, graffiti and hand signals
- elevated level of involvement in delinquent criminal activities
Broken Windows Theory
a theory proposing that even small acts of crime, disorder, and vandalism can threaten a neighborhood and render it unsafe
5 Strategies of the OJJDP Comprehensive Gang Model
- community mobilization
- opportunities provision
- social intervention
4.s uppression - organizational change and development
status offenses
offenses that are only illegal for minors
youth arrest vs. youth taken into custody
saying a “youth is taken into custody” is significantly less stigmatizing language
role of a school resource officer
preventing juvenile delinquency and improving community relations
principles of restorative justice
balanced consideration of:
- community protection
- offender accountability
- competency development
role of a prosecutor
responsible for negotiating the disposition of all but the most serious juvenile delinquent cases
four principles of effective intervention
risk principle - target higher risk offender (WHO)
need principle - target criminogenic risk or need factors (WHAT)
treatment principle - target behavioral approaches (HOW)
fidelity principle - implement program as designed (HOW WELL)
role of a guardian at litiem
represents youths and their best interests (usually an attorney, but could be anyone who is concerned about the youth’s best interest)
blended sentence
Blend juveniles and adult sanctions and extend their jurisdiction beyond traditional age boundary
- if they do well until they are 21, then they can be released for their adult sentence. if they do not, then they will be sent to adult prison on their 21st birthday and will have to serve their adult sentence
role of a probation officer
- usually the first court official to have contact with the child
- often recommends informal disposition to the court
- in serious cases, their recommendations paired with the SW’s often become the court order
graduated sanction priniciples
penalties for delinquent activity should move from limited intervention to more restrictive (the crime matches the time)
- enhance accountability
- ensure public safety
- reduce recidivism by preventing future behavior
